Gerald Martin Loeb was born in 1899 in San Francisco, California. He began his career in 1921, in the bond department of a securities firm. He moved to New York City in 1924 to help establish E.F. Hutton and eventually ascended to vice-chairman of the board. During Gerald Loeb’s career, he was a favorite of business and financial journalists for his willingness to be interviewed and was described as “probably the most quoted man on Wall Street” (Forbes Magazine 1955). He was also an author of two investment strategy books, a guest columnist for Forbes Magazine and widely considered a Wall Street icon. In 1957, he established the G. and R. Loeb Foundation (under stewardship of the University of Connecticut) to present The Gerald Loeb Awards for Distinguished Business and Financial Journalism. In 1973, Mr. Loeb transferred the stewardship of the awards to UCLA Anderson School of Management under the deanship of Harold Williams.
MANAGEMENT THEORY REVIEW - Articles on Management Subjects for Knowledge Revision and Updating by Management Executives ---by Dr. Narayana Rao, Professor (Retd.), NITIE - IIM Mumbai --- 4.55+ MILLION Page Views--- Global Top Blog for Management Theory---Management for Effectiveness, Efficiency and Excellence.
July 5, 2020
Software: Systems and application software - Summary of Stair and Reynolds Book Chapter
Chapter 4 - Software: Systems and application software
goals.
appropriate for the task at hand, considering the skills and experience of the programming staff.
Computer system platform = hardware configuration combined with a software package.
Supporting individual, group, and organisational goals
Sphere of influence = the scope of problems & opportunities addressed by an organisation.
1. Personal sphere of influence (Information serves the needs of an individual user).
Personal productivity software helps users improve their personal effectiveness. (MS Word…)
2. Workgroup sphere of influence (IS helps a workgroup attain a common goal).
3. Enterprise sphere of influence (IS helps firms in interaction with the environment).
Surrounding environment = customers, suppliers, shareholders, competitors…
Kernel = heart of the OS, which controls critical processes and ties OS components together.
Activities of an OS:
Performing common hardware functions
Application programs perform tasks like retrieving & displaying information.
These functions must be converted into detailed instructions required by the hardware.
The OS is the intermediary between the application program and the hardware.
Providing a user interface
Many mainframe computers use a command-based user interface.
Providing a degree of hardware independence
Programs can be isolated from hardware and remain insulated from hardware changes.
Application Program Interface (API) = A link between application software & the OS.
= An interface that allows applications to make use of the OS.
APIs are used to create application software without understanding the workings of the OS.
If APIs didn’t exist, developers would have to rewrite programs for new hardware.
Memory can be divided into different segments / areas.
Virtual memory = memory that allocates space on the hard disk to supplement RAM.
Virtual memory works by swapping programs between memory and disk devices (=Paging).
This reduces CPU idle time and increases the number of jobs that can run.
Time-sharing = having more than one person use a computer at once.
Time-sharing works by dividing time into small CPU processing time slices.
During a time slice, tasks for the first user are done, then the computer goes to the next user.
The process continues through each user and cycles back to the first user.
Because the CPU processing time slices are small, it appears that all jobs are done at once.
Scalability = the ability of the computer to handle an increasing number of concurrent users.
Providing networking capability
The OS can provide features that aid users in connecting to a computer network.
Controlling access to system resources
The OS provides security against unauthorised access with log-on procedures & passwords.
The OS can record who uses the system and for how long and report attempted breaches.
The OS must resolve what to do if many users simultaneously request access to the same file
The OS keeps track of the location, size, date of files and who created them.
The original Microsoft Windows was an application that ran under DOS.
No multitasking.
DOS with Windows
Graphical operating environment and features like multitasking.
Windows 95/98 - Now Windows 10
Windows NT workstation
Multitasking & networking capabilities.
Using emulation software, NT can run programs written for other operating systems.
NT supports symmetric multiprocessing (=using multiple processors simultaneously).
It also has a centralised security system to monitor various system resources.
It also functions as a Web server and Web content authoring platform.
Windows 2000
A desktop OS aimed at businesses of all sizes.
Unix
Originally developed for minicomputers.
High degree of portability: it is compatible with different types of hardware.
Linux
It looks like Unix, but does not come from the same source code base.
It’s developed under the GNU GPL and its source code is freely available.
Includes: multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, memory management, networking…
It is highly reliable and easy to administer.
The biggest shortfall for Linux is the scarcity of application programs written for the OS.
Solaris
This is the Sun Microsystems variation of Unix.
It is the server OS of choice for large Web sites.
Apple computers are popular in the fields of publishing, education and graphic arts.
Mac OS 9
Features: Multiple users; Key chain passwords (enter it 1x); Sherlock 2 (a search detective).
Mac OS X (ten)
The Mac OS X server is the first modern server OS from Apple.
Many new tasks can be done that are vital for Web sites and corporate Web applications.
Netware
This network OS supports Windows, Macintosh and Unix clients.
It provides software to keep track of computers, programs and people on a network.
Mainframes are the platform of choice for mission-critical business applications for many firms
OS/390
= A mainframe OS with a network-ready, integrated server environment.
Within it is a full implementation of Unix, so developers can use Unix applications.
MPE/iX (Multiprogramming Executive)
The Internet-enabled OS for the Hewlett-Packard family of computers using RISC processing.
MPE/iX can handle a variety of business tasks (Transaction processing, Web applications…)
These are pre-installed on TV set-top devices, PCs in cars, handheld PCs…
Includes: Internet connections & GUIs.
Mobil Linux
An OS that runs on tablet-sized Internet-browsing devices called Web pads.
Utility programs
They are used to merge & sort sets of data, keep track of jobs being run, scan for viruses…
Disk compression allows more data & programs to be stored on the same hard disk.
When these programs are needed, decompression routines make them available.
Other utility programs: software to write CDs, screen savers.
Proprietary application software
= A one-of-a-kind program for a specific application, used to solve a specific problem.
Contract software = a specific software program developed for a particular company.
In-house developed software = developed using the company’s resources.
Advantages:
* You can get exactly what you need
* Being involved in development offers more control over the results
* There is more flexibility in making modifications to counteract a new initiative by competitors
Disadvantages:
* It can take a long time and significant resources
* In-house staff will want to get on to other new projects
* There is more risk concerning the features and performance
Off-the-shelf application software
= Software that can be purchased, leased, or rented from a software company.
Advantages:
* Initial cost is lower
* Lower risk that the software will fail to meet basic business needs
* The package is likely to be of high quality
Disadvantages:
* You might have to pay for features that are not required and never used
* The software may lack important features
* Software may not match current work processes and data standards
Customised package
= A blend of external and internal software development.
Software packages are modified / customised by in-house or external personnel.
Some software companies encourage their customers to make changes, others supply
necessary changes for a fee, and others won’t allow their software to be modified.
Application service provider (ASP)
= A company that provides end user support and the computers on which to run the software.
They can also take a complex corporate software package and simplify it for users.
They provide customisation, implementation… so companies have time for more NB tasks.
Through ASPs, software can be made available quickly.
Users can update info from their applications via Web browsers.
ASPs employ standard software packages, which are easy to support, driving costs lower.
Risks: Sensitive info can be compromised by hackers, and if the network is down.
Advantage: It frees in-house resources from staffing and managing complex projects.
Spreadsheet analysis
Database applications
Graphics programs
On-line information services
Like AOL. (Get news, send email, search for jobs…)
Software suites
= A collection of single-application software packages in a bundle. (MS Office, WordPerfect)
Advantages:
* The programs are designed to work similarly
* The programs are cheaper together
Disadvantages:
* One or more applications may not be as desirable as the others
* Requires a large amount of main memory to run the various applications effectively
Object linking and embedding (OLE)
= A feature that allows you to copy objects (= text/graphics…) from one document to another.
Server application = the application that supplies objects you place into others.
Client application = the application that accepts objects from others.
Copying
This method is used when you don’t want to change data shared between applications.
To change data, you must update the client application and then repeat the copy procedure.
Linking
Changes made to the server object will automatically appear in all linked client documents.
Double-clicking the object in a client document opens the server application that supplied the
object, so that you can then edit that object.
Embedding
You embed an object when you want it to become part of the client document.
You don’t have to save an object in the server application before embedding it.
Further changes you make appear only in the client document. (Server is no longer required).
Workgroup application software (Groupware)
= Collaborative computing software (helps teams work together towards a common goal).
The 3 Cs rule for successful implementation of groupware:
* Convenient (It should be easy to use)
* Content (It must provide relevant and personalised content)
* Coverage (It should cover everything you need)
Lotus notes
Companies use one software package & user interface to integrate business processes.
E.g. A team can work together from a shared set of documents; Meetings can be scheduled…
Group scheduling (another form of groupware)
Personal information managers (PIM) focus on personal schedules and lists, as opposed to
coordinating the schedules of a team.
Enterprise application software
= Software that benefits the entire organisation - can be developed / purchased.
ERP = a set of integrated programs that manage a company’s vital business operations.
E.g. manufacturing, finance, human resources, sales, distribution…
Benefits:
* Inefficient systems are eliminated
* Adoption of improved work processes is eased
* Access to data for operational decision-making is improved
* Technology vendors and equipment are standardised
* Implementation of supply chain management is enabled
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) developed standards for popular programming
languages so that programs written in different forms of the same language work together.
Machine language uses binary 0 and 1.
Second-generation languages (Low-level)
Assembly language replaces binary digits with symbols that can be understood easily.
They are easier to program, but not as efficient in terms of operational speed and memory.
They are relatively independent of computer hardware. (C++, BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN)
Examples: Visual C++, Visual Basic, Delphi, SQL.
Disadvantages: Slower execution times and higher memory requirements.
Examples: Smalltalk, Java (which has cross-platform capabilities).
These languages have never been considered appropriate for developing critical applications.
Java Studio
Selecting a programming language
Machine and assembly languages provide the most direct control over computer hardware.
Newer languages appear simpler and take less time to develop programs.
Language translators
= Systems software that converts code into its equivalent in machine language.
Source code = the high-level program code, written by the programmer.
Object code = the machine language code.
2 types of language translators:
* Interpreter
Translates one program statement at a time into machine code (which slows down execution)
* Compiler
Converts a complete program into a machine language.
Most bugs arise because software is released as early as possible.
Open source software
It can be more reliable than commercial software because users can fix problems they find.
Open-sourcing
= Involving other people in a common development effort.
This spreads development costs and there are more people with highly specialised expertise.
There are more developers and users who can identify and eliminate bugs.
Software licensing
= Software protected by copyright law - The copyright holder has all rights, not the users.
Vendors try to protect their software from being copied and distributed by individuals.
Software upgrades
Upgrades cost much less than the original purchase price.
Global software support
Global support can be outsourced to a third-party distributor, who acts as a middleman
between vendor and user, providing distribution, support, and invoicing.
Updated on 5 July 2020, 6 March 2016
Software
Principle:
Systems and application software are critical in helping individuals and organizations achieve theirgoals.
Principle:
Organizations should not develop proprietary application software unless doing so will meet a compelling business need that can provide a competitive advantage.Principle:
Organizations should choose a programming language whose functional characteristics areappropriate for the task at hand, considering the skills and experience of the programming staff.
Principle:
The software industry continues to undergo constant change; users need to be aware of recent trends and issues to be effective in their business and personal life.An Overview of software
Systems software
= Software that coordinates the activities & functions of the hardware & various programs.Computer system platform = hardware configuration combined with a software package.
Application software
= Programs that help users solve particular computing problems.Supporting individual, group, and organisational goals
Sphere of influence = the scope of problems & opportunities addressed by an organisation.
1. Personal sphere of influence (Information serves the needs of an individual user).
Personal productivity software helps users improve their personal effectiveness. (MS Word…)
2. Workgroup sphere of influence (IS helps a workgroup attain a common goal).
3. Enterprise sphere of influence (IS helps firms in interaction with the environment).
Surrounding environment = customers, suppliers, shareholders, competitors…
Systems software
Operating systems
= A set of programs that controls the hardware and acts as an interface with applications.Kernel = heart of the OS, which controls critical processes and ties OS components together.
Activities of an OS:
Performing common hardware functions
Application programs perform tasks like retrieving & displaying information.
These functions must be converted into detailed instructions required by the hardware.
The OS is the intermediary between the application program and the hardware.
Providing a user interface
Many mainframe computers use a command-based user interface.
Providing a degree of hardware independence
Programs can be isolated from hardware and remain insulated from hardware changes.
Application Program Interface (API) = A link between application software & the OS.
= An interface that allows applications to make use of the OS.
APIs are used to create application software without understanding the workings of the OS.
If APIs didn’t exist, developers would have to rewrite programs for new hardware.
Memory management
Purpose: To control how memory is accessed and to maximise available memory & storage.Memory can be divided into different segments / areas.
Virtual memory = memory that allocates space on the hard disk to supplement RAM.
Virtual memory works by swapping programs between memory and disk devices (=Paging).
This reduces CPU idle time and increases the number of jobs that can run.
Managing processing tasks
Multitasking = having a user run more than one application at the same time.Time-sharing = having more than one person use a computer at once.
Time-sharing works by dividing time into small CPU processing time slices.
During a time slice, tasks for the first user are done, then the computer goes to the next user.
The process continues through each user and cycles back to the first user.
Because the CPU processing time slices are small, it appears that all jobs are done at once.
Scalability = the ability of the computer to handle an increasing number of concurrent users.
Providing networking capability
The OS can provide features that aid users in connecting to a computer network.
Controlling access to system resources
The OS provides security against unauthorised access with log-on procedures & passwords.
The OS can record who uses the system and for how long and report attempted breaches.
File management
The OS ensures that files are available when needed and protected from unauthorised users.The OS must resolve what to do if many users simultaneously request access to the same file
The OS keeps track of the location, size, date of files and who created them.
Personal computer operating systems
MS-DOSThe original Microsoft Windows was an application that ran under DOS.
No multitasking.
DOS with Windows
Graphical operating environment and features like multitasking.
Windows 95/98 - Now Windows 10
Windows NT workstation
Multitasking & networking capabilities.
Using emulation software, NT can run programs written for other operating systems.
NT supports symmetric multiprocessing (=using multiple processors simultaneously).
It also has a centralised security system to monitor various system resources.
It also functions as a Web server and Web content authoring platform.
Windows 2000
A desktop OS aimed at businesses of all sizes.
Unix
Originally developed for minicomputers.
High degree of portability: it is compatible with different types of hardware.
Linux
It looks like Unix, but does not come from the same source code base.
It’s developed under the GNU GPL and its source code is freely available.
Includes: multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, memory management, networking…
It is highly reliable and easy to administer.
The biggest shortfall for Linux is the scarcity of application programs written for the OS.
Solaris
This is the Sun Microsystems variation of Unix.
It is the server OS of choice for large Web sites.
Apple computer operating systems
Apple computers typically use Motorola microprocessors and an Apple OS.Apple computers are popular in the fields of publishing, education and graphic arts.
Mac OS 9
Features: Multiple users; Key chain passwords (enter it 1x); Sherlock 2 (a search detective).
Mac OS X (ten)
The Mac OS X server is the first modern server OS from Apple.
Workgroup operating systems
Windows 2000 serverMany new tasks can be done that are vital for Web sites and corporate Web applications.
Netware
This network OS supports Windows, Macintosh and Unix clients.
It provides software to keep track of computers, programs and people on a network.
Enterprise operating systems
Software operates in an environment of network servers to meet enterprise computing needs.Mainframes are the platform of choice for mission-critical business applications for many firms
OS/390
= A mainframe OS with a network-ready, integrated server environment.
Within it is a full implementation of Unix, so developers can use Unix applications.
MPE/iX (Multiprogramming Executive)
The Internet-enabled OS for the Hewlett-Packard family of computers using RISC processing.
MPE/iX can handle a variety of business tasks (Transaction processing, Web applications…)
Consumer appliance operating systems
Microsoft pocket PCThese are pre-installed on TV set-top devices, PCs in cars, handheld PCs…
Includes: Internet connections & GUIs.
Mobil Linux
An OS that runs on tablet-sized Internet-browsing devices called Web pads.
Utility programs
They are used to merge & sort sets of data, keep track of jobs being run, scan for viruses…
Disk compression allows more data & programs to be stored on the same hard disk.
When these programs are needed, decompression routines make them available.
Other utility programs: software to write CDs, screen savers.
Application software
Types and functions of application softwareProprietary application software
= A one-of-a-kind program for a specific application, used to solve a specific problem.
Contract software = a specific software program developed for a particular company.
In-house developed software = developed using the company’s resources.
Advantages:
* You can get exactly what you need
* Being involved in development offers more control over the results
* There is more flexibility in making modifications to counteract a new initiative by competitors
Disadvantages:
* It can take a long time and significant resources
* In-house staff will want to get on to other new projects
* There is more risk concerning the features and performance
Off-the-shelf application software
= Software that can be purchased, leased, or rented from a software company.
Advantages:
* Initial cost is lower
* Lower risk that the software will fail to meet basic business needs
* The package is likely to be of high quality
Disadvantages:
* You might have to pay for features that are not required and never used
* The software may lack important features
* Software may not match current work processes and data standards
Customised package
= A blend of external and internal software development.
Software packages are modified / customised by in-house or external personnel.
Some software companies encourage their customers to make changes, others supply
necessary changes for a fee, and others won’t allow their software to be modified.
Application service provider (ASP)
= A company that provides end user support and the computers on which to run the software.
They can also take a complex corporate software package and simplify it for users.
They provide customisation, implementation… so companies have time for more NB tasks.
Through ASPs, software can be made available quickly.
Users can update info from their applications via Web browsers.
ASPs employ standard software packages, which are easy to support, driving costs lower.
Risks: Sensitive info can be compromised by hackers, and if the network is down.
Advantage: It frees in-house resources from staffing and managing complex projects.
Personal application software
Word processingSpreadsheet analysis
Database applications
Graphics programs
On-line information services
Like AOL. (Get news, send email, search for jobs…)
Software suites
= A collection of single-application software packages in a bundle. (MS Office, WordPerfect)
Advantages:
* The programs are designed to work similarly
* The programs are cheaper together
Disadvantages:
* One or more applications may not be as desirable as the others
* Requires a large amount of main memory to run the various applications effectively
Object linking and embedding (OLE)
= A feature that allows you to copy objects (= text/graphics…) from one document to another.
Server application = the application that supplies objects you place into others.
Client application = the application that accepts objects from others.
Copying
This method is used when you don’t want to change data shared between applications.
To change data, you must update the client application and then repeat the copy procedure.
Linking
Changes made to the server object will automatically appear in all linked client documents.
Double-clicking the object in a client document opens the server application that supplied the
object, so that you can then edit that object.
Embedding
You embed an object when you want it to become part of the client document.
You don’t have to save an object in the server application before embedding it.
Further changes you make appear only in the client document. (Server is no longer required).
Workgroup application software (Groupware)
= Collaborative computing software (helps teams work together towards a common goal).
The 3 Cs rule for successful implementation of groupware:
* Convenient (It should be easy to use)
* Content (It must provide relevant and personalised content)
* Coverage (It should cover everything you need)
Lotus notes
Companies use one software package & user interface to integrate business processes.
E.g. A team can work together from a shared set of documents; Meetings can be scheduled…
Group scheduling (another form of groupware)
Personal information managers (PIM) focus on personal schedules and lists, as opposed to
coordinating the schedules of a team.
Enterprise application software
= Software that benefits the entire organisation - can be developed / purchased.
ERP = a set of integrated programs that manage a company’s vital business operations.
E.g. manufacturing, finance, human resources, sales, distribution…
Benefits:
* Inefficient systems are eliminated
* Adoption of improved work processes is eased
* Access to data for operational decision-making is improved
* Technology vendors and equipment are standardised
* Implementation of supply chain management is enabled
Programming languages
Standards and characteristicsANSI (American National Standards Institute) developed standards for popular programming
languages so that programs written in different forms of the same language work together.
The evolution of programming languages
First-generation languages (Low-level)Machine language uses binary 0 and 1.
Second-generation languages (Low-level)
Assembly language replaces binary digits with symbols that can be understood easily.
Third-generation languages
Consist of high-level languages that use English-like statements and commands.They are easier to program, but not as efficient in terms of operational speed and memory.
They are relatively independent of computer hardware. (C++, BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN)
Fourth-generation languages (4GL)
These are less procedural and even more English-like than 3rd generation languages.Examples: Visual C++, Visual Basic, Delphi, SQL.
OO programming languages
Advantages: reusable code, lower costs, reduced testing, faster implementation times.Disadvantages: Slower execution times and higher memory requirements.
Examples: Smalltalk, Java (which has cross-platform capabilities).
Visual programming languages
Use mouse, icons, symbols, menus… to develop programs (E.g. Visual C++)These languages have never been considered appropriate for developing critical applications.
Fifth-generation languages
= Knowledge-based programming (You tell the computer what to do, not how)Java Studio
Selecting a programming language
Machine and assembly languages provide the most direct control over computer hardware.
Newer languages appear simpler and take less time to develop programs.
Language translators
= Systems software that converts code into its equivalent in machine language.
Source code = the high-level program code, written by the programmer.
Object code = the machine language code.
2 types of language translators:
* Interpreter
Translates one program statement at a time into machine code (which slows down execution)
* Compiler
Converts a complete program into a machine language.
Software issues and trends
Software bugsMost bugs arise because software is released as early as possible.
Open source software
It can be more reliable than commercial software because users can fix problems they find.
Open-sourcing
= Involving other people in a common development effort.
This spreads development costs and there are more people with highly specialised expertise.
There are more developers and users who can identify and eliminate bugs.
Software licensing
= Software protected by copyright law - The copyright holder has all rights, not the users.
Vendors try to protect their software from being copied and distributed by individuals.
Software upgrades
Upgrades cost much less than the original purchase price.
Global software support
Global support can be outsourced to a third-party distributor, who acts as a middleman
between vendor and user, providing distribution, support, and invoicing.
Updated on 5 July 2020, 6 March 2016
About Hardware Used in Information System - Summary of Stair and Reynolds Book Chapter
Chapter 3 - Hardware: Input, processing, and output devices
Chapter Hardware and Software
Information system professionals need to have a detailed understanding of capabilities of various hardware devices used in information system to make the right choice in designing information systems.
Computer hardware must be carefully selected to meet the evolving needs of the organization and its
supporting information systems.
The computer hardware industry and users are implementing green computing designs and products.
Principle:
Assembling an effective, efficient computer system requires an understanding of its relationship to the information system and the organization. The computer system objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of the information system and the organization.Principle:
When selecting computer devices, you also must consider the current and future needs of the information system and the organization. Your choice of a particular computer system device should always allow for later improvements.Computer systems
Hardware components
Elements of the CPU:
1. ALU (arithmetic/logic unit): Performs calculations and makes logical comparisons.
2. Control unit: Sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out of the ALU, registers, primary storage, and output devices.
3. Register: = Storage areas used to temporarily hold small units of instructions and data immediately
before, during, and after execution by the CPU.
Primary storage (main memory / memory) = part of the computer that holds program
instructions and data just before / after the registers. (Secondary storage is more permanent).
Hardware components in action
Machine cycle:
Phase 1: Instruction (I-time = the time it takes to perform phase 1)
Step 1: Fetch instruction (The control unit fetches the instruction from memory)
Step 2: Decode instruction (The instruction is interpreted)
Phase 2: Execution (E-time = the time it takes to complete execution)
Step 3: Execute the instruction (The ALU does what it is instructed to do)
Step 4: Store results (The results are stored in registers or memory)
Pipelining = executing multiple phases in a single machine cycle.
Processing and memory devices
Processing characteristics and functions
Processing speed - measured by the time it takes to complete a machine cycle & clock speed
Machine cycle time: Machine cycle times are measured in microseconds, nanoseconds and picoseconds. They can also be measured in MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second)
Clock speed: A series of electronic pulses, created by the CPU, that affect machine cycle time.
The control unit of the CPU controls the various stages of the machine cycle by following
internal instructions, called microcode.
Microcode is predefined, elementary circuits and logical operations that the processor
performs when it executes an instruction.
The control unit executes the microcode in accordance with the clock pulses.
The shorter the interval between pulses, the faster the execution of microcode instructions.
Clock speed is measured in MegaHertz (MHz) - Millions of cycles per second
A hertz is one cycle / pulse per second.
There is no direct relationship between clock speed (MHz) and processing speed (MIPS)
Wordlength and Bus Line Width
A factor affecting speed is wordlength of the CPU.
Wordlength is the number of bits the CPU can process at any one time.
Data is transferred from the CPU to other system components via bus lines.
Bus line is the physical wiring that connects the components.
Bus line width is the number of bits a bus line can transfer at any one time.
Bus line width should match CPU wordlength for optimal system performance.
The megahertz rating is not necessarily a good measure of the processor performance.
Intel have developed a benchmark for speed: iCOMP (Intel Comparative Microprocessor
Performance) index.
Physical characteristics of the CPU
CPU speed is also limited by physical constraints.
CPUs are collections of digital circuits imprinted on silicon chips.
The speed at which current travels between points can be increased by either reducing the
distance between the points / reducing the resistance of the medium to the current.
Moore’s law: “The transistor densities on a chip will double every 18 months”.
Another substitute material for silicon chips is superconductive metal.
Superconductivity: In certain metals, current flows with minimal electrical resistance.
(Traditional silicon chips create some resistance that slows processing).
Optical processors = chips that use light waves, instead of current, to represent bits.
They can be 500 times faster than traditional electronic circuits.
Complex and Reduced Instruction Set Computing (CISC) & (RISC)
CISC = a chip design that places as many microcode instructions into the CPU as possible.
But most operations of a CPU involve only 20% of the available microcode instructions.
RISC involves reducing the number of microcode instructions to a set of common ones.
RISC chips are faster than CISC for processing activities that mainly use core instructions.
Most RISC chips use pipelining and they’re fast & cheap.
VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word) = a chip that reduces the number of instructions by
lengthening each one.
These are potentially even faster than RISC-based chips.
Memory characteristics and functions
Storage capacity
Storage capacity is measured in bytes, with one byte equal to one character.
Kilobyte = one thousand
Megabyte = one million
Gigabyte = one billion
Terabyte = one trillion (each level is 1000 times larger!)
Types of memory
RAM (= main memory) (= volatile memory) chips lose their contents if the current is turned off.
EDO RAM (Extended data out) is faster than older types of RAM. (= MAINSTREAM RAM!!!!)
DRAM (Dynamic)
SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic) - faster transfer speed between CPU and memory.
ROM (non-volatile memory) - contents are not lost if the power is removed.
PROM (Programmable) - first program data into the chip; thereafter it behaves like ROM.
PROM chips are used for storing instructions to popular video games.
Instructions can be programmed onto a PROM chip only once.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable) chips are used when instructions change, infrequently.
Cache memory = high-speed memory that processors can access quicker than main memory.
Frequently used data is stored in easily accessible cache memory.
Level 1 (L1) cache is in the processor.
Level 2 (L2) cache memory is optional and found on the motherboard.
Cacheable memory = the main memory that can move its information into cache memory.
Multiprocessing = Simultaneous execution of 2 / more instructions at the same time.
Coprocessing executes instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity.
Coprocessors can be internal / external to the CPU and can have different clock speeds.
Each type of coprocessor performs a specific function.
Parallel processing
Several processors are linked to operate at the same time.
A problem is divided into parts, and each part is solved by a separate processor.
Secondary storage = Permanent storage.
Secondary storage is slower than memory
Access methods
Sequential access - data must be accessed in the order in which it is stored.
SADS = sequential access storage device
Direct access - data can be retrieved directly. (= faster)
DASD = direct access storage devices.
While disk drives can be operated as sequential storage devices, they most commonly use
direct access storage.
Devices
Magnetic tapes
Portions of tape are magnetised to represent bits.
Slower access (sequential) but cheaper than disk storage.
Often used for backup.
Amount of data that can be stored is determined by the number of tracks, density, and the
block factor on the tape.
Block factor = the number of logical records per physical record (block).
Data is written to / read from blocks on magnetic tape.
At the end of each block there is an empty space, the IBG - InterBlock Gap.
Transfer rate = the number of characters per second that can be transferred.
Magnetic disks
Thin steel platters, with bits represented by magnetised areas. (E.g. Hard disks / diskettes)
Disk devices can be operated in a sequential mode, but most use direct access.
Hard disks have greater storage capacity and quicker access time than diskettes.
Data is stored as magnetised dots on the disk surface in concentric circles called tracks.
Sector = a subdivision of a track that holds a specific number of characters.
Cylinder = all tracks on a disk pack that are stacked vertically and have the same track no.
Speed of magnetic disks is expressed by: seek / head switching / rotation / data transfer time.
RAID
Redundant array of independent / inexpensive disks.
Extra bits of data are generated, creating a ‘reconstruction map’ so lost data can be rebuilt.
Striping evenly splits data across multiple disks.
Disk mirroring produces a backup disk for each disk. (= the simplest form of RAID)
Disk mirroring is expensive because you need to double the amount of storage capacity.
Other RAID methods are less expensive because they only partly duplicate the data.
RAID is needed if storage devices must be fault tolerant (= the ability to continue with no loss
of performance if a component fails)
RAID improves system performance and reliability.
SAN
Storage Area Network = technology that uses computer servers, distributed storage devices,
and networks to tie the storage system together.
Optical disks
= Rigid disks of plastic onto which data is recorded by lasers that burn pits in the disks.
An optical device uses a laser that measures reflected light caused by pits, to access data.
Each pit represents binary 1; each unpitted area (land) represents binary 0.
Advantage: Greater storage capacities than diskettes.
Disadvantage: Slower access times than diskettes.
CD-ROM - Read only (data can’t be modified)
CD-W - Writeable (data can be written once to a disk)
CD-RW -Rewritable (CDs can be written on and edited over)
Magneto-optical disk
= A hybrid between a magnetic & optical disk.
Like magnetic disks, MO disks can be read & written to.
Like diskettes, they are removable.
They are faster than diskettes, but not as fast as hard drives.
Their storage capacity can be more than 200MB (much greater than magnetic diskettes)
A laser beam changes the molecular configuration of a magnetic substrate on the disk,
creating visual spots, which are measured by another laser beam.
The presence or absence of a spot indicates a bit.
The disk can be erased by demagnetising the substrate, which removes the spots.
DVD
Can provide capacity of up to 17 GB. (135 minutes of digital video).
DVD players can read CD-ROMs, but not the other way round.
DVDs are thinner than CDs and their access speeds are faster.
Memory cards
= Credit card size devices that can be installed in an adapter / slot in many PCs / laptops.
They are less failure prone than hard disks, are portable, and easy to use.
Flash memory
= A silicon computer chip that, unlike RAM, is non-volatile (i.e. keeps its memory).
Flash memory chips are small and can be easily modified and reprogrammed.
Used in cell phones, handheld computers, digital cameras…
Advantages: Quick access, consumes less power, smaller in size.
Disadvantage: Expensive.
Expandable storage
Expandable storage devices use removable disk cartridges.
They can be internal / external and are ideal for backups.
More expensive than fixed hard disks, but combine hard disk storage capacity with portability.
They have become popular because they provide:
* More direct access methods
* Higher capacity
* Increased portability
Input and output devices
Characteristics and functionality
The nature of data
Human-readable data = data that can be understood by humans (instructions on paper…)
Machine-readable data = data that can be understood by computers (bar codes…)
Data can be both human & machine-readable (e.g. magnetic ink on bank cheques)
Data entry and input
Data entry = converting human-readable data into a machine-readable form.
Data input = transferring the machine-readable data into the system.
Source data automation
= Capturing & editing data at its source in a form that can be directly input to a computer.
Errors can be detected and corrected immediately.
Input devices
Personal computer input devices
Keyboard & mouse.
Voice-recognition devices
Microphones & software record and convert human speech into digital signals.
Advantage: saves time.
Digital computer cameras
Pixel = a dot of colour on a photo image / a point of light on a display screen.
Terminals
A terminal is connected to a complete computer system with a processor, memory…
Scanning devices
Optical data readers
OMR (optical mark recognition) - for test scoring.
OCR (optical character recognition) - handwritten documents are converted into digital data.
MICR devices
Data printed with magnetic ink is readable by both people and computers.
Point-of-sale devices (POS)
= Terminals used in retail to enter sales info into the computer.
ATM devices
Pen input devices
By touching the screen with a pen input device, you can activate commands.
Pen input requires special hardware & software.
Handwriting recognition software can convert handwriting on the screen into text.
Light pens
A light pen uses a light cell in its tip, which determines the pen’s location on the screen.
Touch-sensitive screens
Bar code scanners
Output devices
Display monitors (CRT)
Cathode Ray Tubes generate electron beams, which strike a phosphorescent compound on
the inside of the screen, which lights up pixels.
Dot pitch = the distance between one pixel and the next.
Greater pixel densities and smaller dot pitches yield sharper images of higher resolution.
A monitor’s ability to display colour is a function of:
the quality of the monitor
the amount of RAM in the computer
the monitor’s graphics adapter card
CGA (colour graphics adapter) was one of the first technologies to display colour on screens.
SVGA (super video graphics array) displays are standard, providing vivid colours.
LCD displays
Liquid crystals placed between two polarisers form characters on a backlit screen.
Printers and plotters
Speed is measured in ppm (pages per minute)
The quality depends on the number of dots per inch (dpi).
Plotters are used for general design work, like blueprints, drawings of buildings…
Computer output microfilm (COM) devices
Newspapers & journals typically place past publications on microfilm.
Music devices
MP3 = (Motion Picture Experts Group Audio Layer 3) = a popular music format for the Internet
The MP3 standard allows for the music to be compressed, so it takes less time to download.
Special-purpose input and output devices
Multifunction device = one that can combine a printer, fax machine, scanner, copy machine…
They are cheaper than buying the devices separately and take up less room.
Types, standards, selecting, and upgrading
Network PC workstation midrange mainframe supercomputer
Computer system types
Personal computers = Microcomputers
Desktop, laptop, notebook, palmtop, embedded computers,
network computers (= cheaper version of the PC with less storage & power),
workstations (= between high-end PCs and low-end midrange computers in terms of cost &
processing power. They are used to support engineering & technical users with CAD etc…),
Web appliances (= devices that connect to the Internet, like a cell phone)
Midrange computers = Minicomputers
= Larger computers that can accommodate several users at the same time.
They have excellent processing & decision-support capabilities.
Mainframe computers
= Large, powerful computers shared by hundreds of concurrent users connected via terminals
They need a room with special Heating, Venting, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) equipment.
They require specially trained individuals (system engineers) to care for them.
Computer downsizing = migration of information processing onto smaller computers.
Mainframes nowadays run jobs & store files too large for other computers.
Data warehouses = these large stores of data (like backups of databases…)
CMOS (complimentary metal oxide semiconductor) = a technology that uses special
semiconductor material to achieve low-power dissipation.
CMOS = a memory chip used to store configuration info about the computer.
Mainframes have become smaller, faster, cheaper systems as a result of CMOS processors.
Supercomputers
They were originally used by the government, but are now used for commercial purposes.
Used for scientific and military research, and by universities / companies involved in research.
Multimedia computers
Equipped with microphones, speakers, cameras… and produce video, audio, text…
CD-ROM = a popular delivery medium for multimedia because of its large storage capacity.
Audio
Sound is converted to a digital recording for storage, and back to sound when played.
Digital Signal Processor (DSP) chips improve the analogue-to-digital-to-analogue conversion.
Video
Video is the most difficult element to display because of the large amount of storage required.
Video compression reduces the number of bits required by using mathematical formulas.
You can add a video board to your PC for higher-quality video.
Standards
E.g. MIDI, Plug ‘n Play…
Advantages:
* Diminish the cost of integration
* Help developers determine which devices will be compatible with the rest of the system
* Provide increased options / flexibility
* Make upgrading a system less complex
Selecting and upgrading computer systems
Computer system architecture = the structure / configuration of the hardware components.
Computers may need to be upgraded to support new activities and a changing environment.
Updated on 5 July 2020, 6 March 2016
July 4, 2020
IAS - Civil Services Examination - Management Subject - June Study Materials
Refer: Online MBA Management Theory Handbook
_______
First Week 1 to 5 June 2015
Industrial Engineering
Industrial Engineering assists managers in achieving the second important performance dimension of management - Efficiency. Effectiveness is the first dimension. Industrial engineering has its primary focus engineering activities, processes and organizations. The principles and practices developed in this subject have application in non-engineering areas. Managers have to be aware of basics of industrial engineering and recent developments. Even service sector organizations have engineering activities like construction and maintenance of buildings, operation and maintenance of transport facilities, information technology operations etc.
Detailed Presentation on Industrial Engineering PrinciplesPresented by Narayana Rao at IISE 2017 Annual Conference at Pittsburgh on 23 May 2017.
_________________________________________
Industrial Engineering Introduction
Industrial engineering Principles, Methods Tools and Techniques
Functions and Focus Areas of Industrial Engineering
Pioneering Efforts of Taylor, Gilbreth and Emerson
Motion Study - Human Effort Engineering
Ergonomics - Introduction
Industrial Engineering Data and Measurements
Work Measurement
Methods Efficiency Engineering
Product Design Efficiency Engineering
2 week - 8 to 12 June
Plant Layout - Efficiency
Value Engineering - Introduction
Statistical Quality Control – Industrial Engineering
Inspection Methods Efficiency Engineering
Operations Research - An Efficiency Improvement Tool for Industrial Engineers
Engineering Economics is an Efficiency Improvement Tool for Industrial Engineers
Industrial Engineering and Scientific Management in Japan
Shigeo Shingo - The Japanese Industrial Engineer
System Engineering Process and Its Management
Systems Improvement Process
3rd Week 15 to 19 June
Systems Installation - Installing Proposed Methods
Productivity, Safety, Comfort, and Operator Health Management
Organizing for Industrial Engineering: Historical Evolution of Thinking
Current Research in IE
Managing Change in Improvement Projects - Comfort Zone to Comfort Zone
Supply Chain Cost Reduction
Total Improvement Management
Total Industrial Engineering - H. Yamashina
Opportunities or Areas for Innovation
Market Development for New Products, Processes and System
4 Week - 22 to 26 June
Organizing for Innovation
Research and Development Management
http://www.wzl.rwth-aachen.de/en/080d8d8c949a1ac0c1256f190035d886/pm_i_eng_v2.pdf
Economics - Revision
Introduction to Economics - Basic Economic Concepts and Theories
Elements of Supply and Demand - Review Notes
Theory of Aggregate Supply and Demand
Business Cycles
Macroeconomic Objectives
Money and Monetary Policy
Fiscal and Debt Policies of the Government
Theory Demand, Supply and Equilibrium in Market
June Month Birthdays - Management Scholars and Professors
To July - Management Knowledge Revision
Industrial Engineers support Engineers and Managers in Efficiency Improvement of Products, Processes and Systems
One Year MBA Knowledge Revision Plan
January - February - March - April - May - June
July - August - September - October - November - December
Updated 28 May 2019, 4 June 2017, 26 May 2016
IAS - Civil Services Examination - Management Subject - May Study Materials
Refer: Online MBA Management Theory Handbook
First Week 1 May to 5 May
Cost Information for Pricing Decisions
Cost Behavior Analysis and Relevant Costs
Costing for Strategic Profitability Analysis
Cost Information for Customer Profitability Analysis
Costing for Spoilage, Rework and Scrap
Costing for Quality, Time and the Theory of Constraints
Costing for Inventory Management, JIT and Backflush
Cost Information and Analysis for Capital Budgeting
Cost Information for Management Control and Performance Control
Cost Information for Transfer Pricing
Second Week 8 May to 12 May
Managerial Accounting or Management Accounting - Review Notes
Relevant Information and Decision Making - Marketing Decisions
Relevant Information and Decision Making - Production
Relevant Information and Decision Making - HR
The Master Budget - Accounting Information
Flexible Budgets and Variance Analysis - Review Notes
Responsibility Accounting for Management Control
Accounting Information for Management Control in Divisionalized Companies
Capital Budgeting - Accounting and Cost Information
Revision of Organizational Behavior
________________
________________
Introduction to Organizational Behavior
Third Week 15 May to 19 May
Environmental context: Information Technology and Globalization
Environmental context: Diversity and Ethics
Organizational Context: Design and Culture
Organizational Context:: Reward Systems
Perception and Attribution
Personality and Attitudes
Motivational Needs and Processes
Positive Psychology Approach to OB
Communication
Decision Making
Fourth Week 22 May to 26 May
Stress and Conflict
Power and Politics
Groups and Teams
Managing Performance through Job Design and Goal Setting
Principles of Industrial Engineering Presented by Professor K.V.S.S. Narayana Rao (Author of this blog) on 23 May 2017 at the Annual Conference of Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers in Pittsburgh, USA. Industrial Engineering is a management subject or discipline with Engineering as the foundation. Its primary application area is engineering systems. It augmented application area is any system. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING IS SYSTEM EFFICIENCY ENGINEERING AND HUMAN EFFORT ENGINEERING (Definition by Narayana Rao - Published in Udyog Pragati, Jounral of NITIE in 2006)
_______________
_______________
Behavioral Performance Management
Effective Leadership Process
Great Leaders: Styles, Activities, and Skills
Principles of Innovation
Innovation - Strategic Issues and Methodology
Idea Generation in Organizations
29 May
Financial - Cost and Management Accounting - Subject Update Articles
To June - Management Knowledge Revision
Industrial Engineers support Engineers and Managers in Efficiency Improvement of Products, Processes and Systems
May Month - Birthdays of Management Scholars and Business and Industry Magnates and Accomplished Professionals - Biographies
1
2
3 - Sidney S. Alexander (1916)
4
5 - Jerry A. Hausman (1946)
6 - Sigmund Freud (1856), Kenneth Blanchard (1939)
7
8 - Benjamin Graham (1894) [Graham - Rao Method]
9
10 - Daniel Bell (1919), William James Reddin (1930), Ikujiro Nonaka (1935)
11 - Morris Llewellyn Cooke (1872)
12 - Thomas H. Carroll II (1914)
13
14 - William R. Spriegel (1893), Mark Zuckerberg (1984) [Zuckerberg - Narayana Rao Reading Challenge 2015]
15 - Paul Samuelson (1915)
16 - Edward T. Hall (1914), Merton Miller (1923), Robert Butler Wilson Jr. (1937), Catherine Tucker (1977)
17
18
19 - Harold Koontz (1908) Biography: http://mtrrp.blogspot.com/2014/05/prof-dr-harold-koontz-biography-and.html
20 - Henry Gantt (1861), Edwin C. Nevis (1926)
21
22
23 - Michael Porter (1947)
24 - Lilian Gilbreth (1878),
25 - Paul Cootner (1930)
26
27 - Philip Kotler (1931)
28
29
30
31
One Year MBA Knowledge Revision Plan
January - February - March - April - May - June
July - August - September - October - November - December
_____________________________________________________
Updated 29 May 2019, 26 May 2017
IAS - Civil Services Examination - Management Subject - April Study Materials
Refer: Online MBA Management Theory Handbook
______________
______________
1 April to 5 April 2016
Material Requirements Planning - Review Notes
Operations Scheduling - Review Notes
Financial Analysis - Review Notes
Operations Technology - Review Notes
Supply Chain Management
3rd April 2016
Understanding the Supply Chain
Supply Chain Performance: Achieving Strategic Fit
Supply Chain Drivers and Obstacles - Review Notes
Designing the Distribution Network in a Supply Chain
Facility Decisions: Network Design in the Supply Chain
Network Design in an Uncertain Environment
2nd Week
8 April to 12 April 2016
Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain
Aggregate Planning in the Supply Chain - Review Notes
Planning Supply and Demand in the Supply Chain
Managing Economies of Scale in the Supply Chain
Managing Uncertainty in the Supply Chain: Safety Inventory
Determining Optimal Level of Product Availability
Sourcing Decisions in a Supply Chain
Transportation in the Supply Chain - Chopra and Meindl
Pricing and Revenue Management in the Supply Chain
Coordination in the Supply Chain - Review Notes
3rd Week
15 April to 19 April
Information Technology and the Supply Chain
e-business and the Supply Chain
Financial Accounting
Accounting: The Language of Business
Recording Transactions - Review Notes
Accrual Accounting - Revision
Measuring Income to Assess Performance and Balance Sheet - Review Notes
Detailed Accounting Procedures
Accounting for Sales - Review Notes
Inventories and Cost of Goods Sold - Review Notes
Long-Lived Assets and Depreciation - Review Notes
Liabilities and Interest - Review Notes
4th Week
22 April to 26 April 2016
Statement of Cash Flows - Review Notes
Financial Statement Analysis - Review Notes
Cost Accounting
23 April 2016Role of Costing and Cost Accounting in the Organizations
Introduction to Cost Terms - Review Notes
Traditional Cost Objectives and Their Utility
Job Costing - Review Notes
Activity-Based Costing and Activity-Based Budgeting
Process Costing - Review Notes
29 April
Supply Chain Management - Subject Update
Operations Management - Subject Update 2016
Supply Chain Management - Subject Update 2016
To May - Management Knowledge Revision
Industrial Engineers support Engineers and Managers in Efficiency Improvement of Products, Processes and Systems
One Year MBA Knowledge Revision Plan
January - February - March - April - May - June
July - August - September - October - November - December
Included in the A to Z Blogging Challenge Posts
Birthdays of Management Scholars and Executives in April
1 - Prof Maike Andresen (1971) - Chair for HRM
https://www.uni-bamberg.de/en/bwl-pm/chair/prof-dr-maike-andresen/
2 - Jan Jantsch (1960)
3 - Mark Albion (1951)
4 - Charles Buxton Going (1863) - Principles of Industrial Engineering - Book in 1911
5
6 - Armand V. Feigenbaum (1920) - Total Quality Control
Clayton Christensen (1952) - Disruptive innovations
7
8
9
10 - Joseph Pulitzer (1847), Perry Sink Marshall (1969)
11 - Charles Eugene Bedaux (1886) - Check? 26 October 1886 (according to Wikipedia)
12 - Elwood S. Buffa (1923) - Modern Production Management, Operations Management
13 - W. Charles Redding (1914), -
Michael Hammer (1948) - Business Process Reengineering
14- Eric Brynjolfsson (1962)
15 - Glen L. Urban (1940)
16
17 - J.P. Morgan (1837)
18 - Frederick Herzberg (1923), Hygiene factors - Motivation factors model
Bengt R. Holmstrom (1949),
Niall Ferguson (1964),
Robert Allen Phillips (1968)
19- James J. Heckman (Economics Nobel Prize Winner, 1944), James B. Orlin (1953),
Peter Bowman Scott-Morgan (1958)
20
21- Max Weber (1864) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/638565/Max-Weber
Alan Cerf
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29 - Dan Ariely (1967)
30
July - August - September - October - November - December
Included in the A to Z Blogging Challenge Posts
IAS - Civil Services Examination - Management Subject - March Study Materials
Refer: Online MBA Management Theory Handbook
Sharpen the Saw - The Mental Dimension - Stephen Covey's Explanation
Read, Write, Think, Planhttp://nraomtr.blogspot.com/2015/03/sharpen-saw-mental-dimension-stephen.html
___________
Henry Fayol
The Engineering Manager who provided the modern description of Industrial Management.Planning - Organizing - Commanding - Coordinating - Control
Picture Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol
___________
March 1st week (1 March to 5 March)
Analyzing Competitors
Strategy of Market Leader
Marketing Strategies for Challenger Firms
Competitive Strategies for Followers and Nichers
Managing Product Lines and Brands
Marketing Strategy for New Industry Products
Marketing Management for Service Firms
Pricing Strategy and Tactics
Marketing Channel Management – Important Issues
Managing Wholesaling and Retailing Network
March 2nd week ( 8 to 12)
Marketing Communication: Channels and Promotion Tools
Advertising
Sales Promotion
Marketing Public Relations
Sales Process and Sales Training
Direct Marketing
Online Marketing
Marketing and New Product Development
International and Global Marketing
Sales Force Management
March 3 week (15 to 19)
Developing Enterprisewide or Company Wide Marketing Orientation
Management of Marketing Department and Function
Operations Management Revision Starts (16 March)
Introduction to the Field of Operations Management
Operations Strategy and Competitiveness - Review Notes
Optimizing the Use of Resources with Linear Programming
Learning Curves - Review Notes
Operations Project Management
Product Design - Review Notes
Process Analysis - Operations Management
Manufacturing Process Selection and Design
March 4 Week (22 to 26 )
Facility Layout - Review Notes
Product Design and Process Selection—Services
Total Quality Management: and Six Sigma - Process Capability and Statistical Quality Control
Operations Consulting and Reengineering
24 March - Birthday - Martin Shubik - Economics Professor - Yale University
Supply-Chain Strategy - Review Notes
Strategic Capacity Management
Just-in-Time and Lean Systems - Review Notes
Forecasting - Operations Management Review Notes
Aggregate Sales and Operations Planning - Review Notes
Inventory Control - Review Notes for Chase et al.
Operations Project Management
Product Design - Review Notes
Process Analysis - Operations Management
Manufacturing Process Selection and Design
March 4 Week (22 to 26 )
Facility Layout - Review Notes
Product Design and Process Selection—Services
Total Quality Management: and Six Sigma - Process Capability and Statistical Quality Control
Operations Consulting and Reengineering
24 March - Birthday - Martin Shubik - Economics Professor - Yale University
Supply-Chain Strategy - Review Notes
Strategic Capacity Management
Just-in-Time and Lean Systems - Review Notes
Forecasting - Operations Management Review Notes
Aggregate Sales and Operations Planning - Review Notes
Inventory Control - Review Notes for Chase et al.
Subject Update: Principles of Management
30 March
Subject Update: Marketing Management
To April - Management Knowledge Revision
Industrial Engineers support Engineers and Managers in Efficiency Improvement of Products, Processes and Systems
One Year MBA Knowledge Revision Plan
January - February - March - April - May - June
July - August - September - October - November - December
March - Birthdays - Management Scholars
1
2
3 - Lyndall Urwick (1891)
4
5 - Edgar Schein (1928), Stuart Anspach Umpleby (1944)
6 - Raymond Gilmartin (1941
7
8 - Warren Bennis (1925), Nirmalya Kumar (1960)
9
10 - Kenneth R. French (1954)
11
12
13
14 - T.V. Rao (1946)
15 - Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1943)
16 - Ferdinando Pennarola (1963)
17
18 - Water A. Shewart (1891)
19
20 - Frederick Taylor (1856), Kim B. Clark (1949), Marshall Goldsmith (1949)
21
22
23
24 - Martin Shubik (1926)
25 - David Meerman Scott (1961)
26 - Larry Page (1973) http://www.biography.com/people/larry-page-12103347
27
28
29 - Sam Walton (1918)
30 - Arthur White (1924), Dr. Arno Antlitz (1970)
31
Updated 3 March 2017, 25 March 2016
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