Articles on Management Subjects for Knowledge Revision and Updating by Management Executives ---by Dr. Narayana Rao, Professor (Retd.), NITIE---3.26 MILLION Page Views---
Global Top Blog for Management Theory---Management for Effectiveness, Efficiency and Excellence.
Cengage Learning, 01-Jan-2014 - Business & Economics - 1120 pages
Hansen/Mowen's CORNERSTONES OF COST MANAGEMENT demonstrates the dynamic, exciting nature of cost accounting in today's changing business environment. The text first covers functional-based cost and control and then activity-based cost systems, giving students the understanding and skills to manage any cost management system. Cornerstones examples throughout each chapter provide students with step-by-step coverage of the How, Why, and What Ifs of solving and mastering basic cost management concepts, while also getting at the conceptual understanding that students often struggle to grasp. It includes CPA-Type Exercises in each chapter that have been taken directly from past CPA Exams or have been written by the authors to prepare students for their futures in business.
• Carry out a piece of work in groups using a project-based approach (10 project teams with 12-13 students, each team member has a specific role to play within the project, use of project management tools...)
• Carry out an integrated, cross-sectional analysis in "industrial engineering" according to the following five approaches: Market approach, Product approach, Manufacturing Process approach, Production Management approach, Supply Chain approach.
Content
• From October to November: students organise themselves into 10 project teams and decide on the individual role of each team member. Students put forward a list of potential products and target companies to be contacted in the context of the particular project.
• From November to the end of March: descriptive, explanatory and prospective analysis of an existing product, chosen by the project teams and validated by the teaching staff. This analysis must include the five approaches, be based on bibliographic research as well as include interviews with professionals. A report must be written on this analysis.
• From April to May: after analysing the product, suggestions are to be made on how to improve the product. This piece of work will be presented orally in front of a panel of industrialists/business professionals and teaching staff.
• Tutorials (23hours). Instructions are given before each tutorial specifying the work to be carried out.
Two types of tutorials take place depending on the stage of the projects:
• Tutorial on 'the project' supervised by 2 tutors (staff members):
-Each project team chooses a project manager and a person responsible for managing data and documents.
-6 tutorials where students can talk with teachers about any difficulties encountered, the work carried out for the project and the progress of the project.
-2 tutorials to prepare for the oral presentation.
• Tutorial on 'approaches' supervised by 1 tutor (staff member):
-within each project team, students organise themselves into 5 "approach" groups and choose one person responsible for each approach.
-4 tutorials for sharing knowledge, providing information, helping out with methodology, providing assistance in developing an interview guide to follow when meeting industrialists in companies.
• 30 hours are also programmed in the timetable for general work on the project and visits to companies.
Tests
Evaluation from 1st exam period = the final project mark for each student is calculated on the following marks :
E1 = analysis approach based on documentary research (staff members)
E2 = oral presentation assessed by the panel (staff members and professionals)
Tutors will give students oral and written feedback about analysis approach and project reports. Feedback concerning the oral presentation will be given by the chairman of the panel.
No 2nd exam period except on jury decision
N1 = Final mark from 1st exam period
N2 = Final mark from 2nd exam period
N1 = 0,5*E1 + 0,5*E2
N2 = N1
Cette pondération est compatible avec une organisation des enseignements et des examens en distanciel
En cas d'évaluation à distance due à la crise sanitaire, E2 sera fait en visio conférence.
Top Marketing Trends For 2020
Forbes Agency Council
Christian ThomsonForbes Councils Member
Forbes Agency Council
10 Principles of Modern Marketing
Research Highlight April 03, 2019 Reading Time: 19 min
Ann Lewnes and Kevin Lane Keller
Technology Is Just the First Step
Technology has changed everything. Fundamentally, it allows for new ways to create customer experiences, new mediums to connect with customers and other constituents, and trillions of data points to understand customer behavior and the impact of marketing programs and activities. Yet, there is more to marketing and use of technology in marketing.
Experience Is the New Brand
A New Type of Customer Relationship Prevails
Connect With Customers Online and Offline
Value Creation, Communication, and Delivery Still Rule
The Marketing Topics That Resonated Most With Readers In 2019
Kimberly A. Whitler
Senior Contributor
CMO Network
As a former General Manager and CMO, who worked for nearly 20 years before getting a PhD and working as an Assistant Professor at the University of Virginia's Darden School of Business, I conduct research that focuses on helping the C-suite (and aspiring C-level marketers) better understand, develop, and lead marketing excellence.
Why Great Innovation Needs Great Marketing
Denise Lee Yohn
FEBRUARY 20, 2019
Strategic, upstream marketing that is incorporated into the innovation development process can clearly define who to sell the new offering to and how to sell it.
Decide 4Ps of marketing using marketing expertise.
Innovation alone may be enough to initiate the adoption life cycle, but marketing remains the bridge necessary to cross the chasm between early adopters to the wider group of people who will form a viable, valuable customer base. https://hbr.org/2019/02/why-great-innovation-needs-great-marketing
2018
4 Ways to Improve Your Content Marketing
Frank V. CespedesRuss Heddleston
APRIL 19, 2018
The average viewing time for content is 2 minutes and 27 seconds.
Frank Cespedes is a Senior Lecturer at Harvard Business School and author of Aligning Strategy and Sales (Harvard Business Review Press). https://hbr.org/2018/04/4-ways-to-improve-your-content-marketing
Why Marketing Analytics Hasn’t Lived Up to Its Promise
Carl F. MelaChristine Moorman
MAY 30, 2018
Communication theory tells us that the transmitter and receiver of information must share a common domain of knowledge for information to be transmitted. This means analysts need to understand what the firm’s managers can understand.
it is critical for analysts to connect externally with customers and internally with the managers using their work.
Carl F. Mela is the T. Austin Finch Foundation Professor of Marketing at Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business and the Executive Director at the Marketing Science Institute. https://hbr.org/2018/05/why-marketing-analytics-hasnt-lived-up-to-its-promise
2017
5 Ways Words Can Destroy Your Marketing Messages (And How to Fix Them)
Use these copywriting tips to improve your marketing messages and ensure you don't lose sales or money on your marketing investments. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/298766
Macromarketing
I searched for this topic today in my interest to write an article on the topic marketing support for Make in India Campaign. I found that there a huge literature in the area of macromarketing. The reference I came across today are:
Marketing communication messages have to be different when you announce a product and build buying intention for it. The communication has to change when the product is actually made available in the market for purchase. Read the summary of a recent research paper on adoption of products. http://nraomtr.blogspot.com/2015/04/adoption-of-new-products-and-processes.html
February 2015
Planned Revision schedule for marketing chapters is in February and March
January 2015
Why Your Customers’ Social Identities Matter.
By: Champniss, Guy; Wilson, Hugh N.; Macdonald, Emma K. Harvard Business Review. Jan/Feb2015, Vol. 93 Issue 1/2, p88-96.
People are highly social animals. Most of us belong to many social groups, each with its own identity.
For five years the authors have been studying how social identity affects customer behavior in a wide range of industries. They have seen that companies can trigger more-favorable reactions in customers by subtly influencing which identities they tap into. This is something firms should take into account when doing market research or designing experiences.
The first step is to surface the range of a customer's possible identities. If a customer's identity encourages targeted behaviors, marketers can help reinforce it. Marketers can also work to add a desired behavior to those that customers associate with an identity, prime different identities in customers, and even create new identities that deepen relationships with existing customers and attract new ones.
2014's top The Gunn Reports' Cases For Creativity
1. 1. IBM's 'A Boy And His Atom' Ogilvy & Mat her, USA
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What Makes Great Leaders? Ask the People Who Work for Them
June 21, 2022
Five core characteristics shine through.
John Baird
Edward Sullivan
The following is an excerpt from the new book Leading with Heart: 5 Conversations That Unlock Creativity, Purpose, and Results by John Baird and Edward Sullivan (Harper Business: 2022).
1. They are aware of their people’s needs.
2. They confront their people’s fears.
3. They understand their own desires and what drives their people.
Leaders today are tasked with delivering results, understanding people and creating/maintaining their image or personal brand.Leaders today are tasked with delivering results, understanding people and creating/maintaining their image or personal brand.
Care about the people along with the process and results.
Listen instead of thinking I know it all.
Empower and make others feel good about themselves and their contribution to group activity.
Create small wins - Appreciate and Celebrate.
Display high EQ instead of only high IQ.
Buddhist tradition describes three styles of compassionate leadership
Buddhist tradition describes three styles of compassionate leadership: the trailblazer, who leads from the front, takes risks, and sets an example; the ferryman, who accompanies those in his care and shapes the ups and downs of the crossing; and the shepherd, who sees every one of his flock into safety before himself. Three styles, three approaches, but what they have in common is an all-encompassing concern for the welfare of those they lead. - Dalai Lama., 2019, HBR article
Making others better as a result of your presence, your communication, your direction, decision and action are at the heart of leadership.
Leadership is not wielding authority; it's empowering others.
It is the ability to transfer power. It is the ability to make others powerful.
Lolly Doskal - TedX Talk
2018
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4 Ways to make sure people working for you love you.
1. Create a work place you love as a person.
2. Encourage creativity and involvement.
3. Don't focus only on pay, make work flexible and comfortable
4. Give rest breaks and allow persons to recover from fatigue. Insert work gaps for even small durations. https://www.inc.com/amy-vetter/4-ways-to-make-sure-people-love-working-for-you.html
Founder and CEO of Lead From Within. Her proprietary leadership program is based on a mix of modern philosophy, science, and nearly thirty years coaching top executives, Lolly’s perspective on leadership continues to break new ground and produce exceptional results.
Lolly was designated a:
Top-50 Leadership and Management Expert by Inc.com
100 Great Leadership Speakers for Your Next by Inc. magazine.
Huffington Post honored Lolly with the title of The Most Inspiring Woman in the World.
Her writing has appeared in HBR, Inc.com, Fast Company (Ask The Expert), Huffington Post,
and Psychology Today, and others.
Lolly Daskal’s new book, The Leadership Gap: What Gets Between You and Your Greatness is
a Wall Street Journal Bestseller.
Previous bestseller is Thoughts Spoken From the Heart
Jon Maner
Jon Maner is a professor of management and organizations at Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University.
DECEMBER 05, 2016, HBR Article
Our most recent research, however, suggests that a small subset of leadership skills closely correlates with leadership success, particularly among frontline leaders. Using our own practical experience and searching the relevant academic literature, we came up with a comprehensive list of 20 distinct leadership traits. We did a survey and found that leaders in organizations with high-quality leadership teams typically displayed 4 of the 20 possible types of behavior; these 4, indeed, explained 89 percent of the variance between strong and weak organizations in terms of leadership effectiveness .
• Solving problems effectively: The process that precedes decision making is problem solving, when information is gathered, analyzed, and considered.
• Operating with a strong results orientation: Leadership is about not only developing and communicating a vision and setting objectives but also following through to achieve results. Leaders with a strong results orientation tend to emphasize the importance of efficiency and productivity and to prioritize the highest-value work.
• Seeking different perspectives: This trait is conspicuous in managers who monitor trends affecting organizations, grasp changes in the environment, encourage employees to contribute ideas that could improve performance, accurately differentiate between important and unimportant issues, and give the appropriate weight to stakeholder concerns. Leaders who do well on this dimension typically base their decisions on sound analysis and avoid the many biases to which decisions are prone.
Periodical
By: Garvin, David A.; Margolis, Joshua D. Harvard Business Review. Jan/Feb2015, Vol. 93 Issue 1/2, p60-71.
Seeking and giving advice are central to effective leadership and decision making, and they require emotional intelligence, self-awareness, restraint, diplomacy, and patience on both sides. In this article, the authors argue that they are practical skills one can learn and apply to great effect. The most common obstacles to effectively seeking and giving advice are thinking one already has the answers, defining the problem poorly, and overstepping boundaries. They offer practical guidelines for getting past them.
Five stages of advising are identified: (1) finding the right fit; (2) developing a shared understanding; (3) crafting alternatives; (4) converging on a decision; and (5) putting advice into action. Each stage includes suggestions for seekers and for advisers.
INSEAD professor Herminia Ibarra argues, a simplistic understanding of what authenticity means can limit leaders' growth and impact. In this article, Ibarra explains how leaders can develop an "adaptively authentic" style. It's OK to change tactics from one day to the next, she says by figuring out what's right for the challenges and circumstances we face.
2014
July
The Skills Leaders Need at Every Level
by Jack Zenger and Joseph Folkman
HBR Blog Post
16 Skills are listed in order of importance. Top 7 are said to be important.
1. Inspires and motivates others.
2. Displays high integrity and honesty
3. Solves problems and analyzes issues
4. Drives for results
5. Communicates powerfully and prolifically
6. Collaborates and promotes teamwork
7. Builds relationships http://blogs.hbr.org/2014/07/the-skills-leaders-need-at-every-level/
May
Knowledge@Wharton article
Social Technology and the Changing Context of Leadership
Social technology is changing the way leaders do conversations with their group members especially in large organizations. The article presents ideas on this issue http://wlp.wharton.upenn.edu/LeadershipDigest/social-technology.cfm
2012
Sloan Management Review Article Spring, March 2012
Do it. It is Real Engineering. Industrial Engineering is Engineering Primarily.
Find 5 new engineering developments every day in elements related to facilities, products and processes in your organization and assess their use for industrial engineering.
Business Horizons is the bimonthly journal of the Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. The editorial aim is to publish original articles of interest to business academicians and practitioners. Articles cover a wide range of topical areas within the general field of business, with emphasis on identifying important business issues or problems and recommending solutions that address these. Ideally, articles will prompt readers to think about business practice in new and innovative ways. Business Horizons fills a unique niche among business publications of its type by publishing articles that strike a balance between the practical and the academic. To this end, articles published in Business Horizons are grounded in scholarship, yet are presented in a readable, non-technical format such that the content is accessible to a wide business audience.
The open academic: Why and how business academics should use social media to be more ‘open’ and impactful
Ian P.McCarthy Marcel L.A.M.Bogers
The mission of Business Horizons is to publish research that practitioners can understand to help them change how they think and act. However, this mission remains an elusive ideal for many business school academics because they struggle to design and produce research capable of overcoming the “research-practice gap.”
To help scholars address this gap, we explain why and how they should use social media to be more ‘open’ to connecting with, learning from, and working with academics and other stakeholders outside their field. We describe how social media can be used as a boundary-spanning technology to help bridge the research-practice gap.
To do this, we present a process model of five research activities: networking, framing, investigating, disseminating, and assessing.
Using research published in Business Horizons as an illustrative example, we describe how social media was used to make each activity more open.
We present a framework of four social media enabled open academic approaches (connector, observer, promoter, and influencer) and outline some dos and don’ts for engaging in each approach.
Industrial Engineering in Toyota Motors – Production System (TPS)
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Industrial Engineering - Introduction
There is a difference between industrial engineering and engineering management. Now both these programs are run by IE departments only in USA. IE is better described as engineering in response to industry data, economic theories, social science theories, and management requirements etc. Engineering has to be core of industrial engineering. It is done in response to industry generated data. Basic engineering is driven by scientific and technical development. Industrial engineering is response to industry data that is generated in using basic engineering output. Cost data and human factor related data are two important data which find a significant role in industrial engineering. Work measurement and productivity measurement were developed within industrial engineering as useful measurements in industrial engineering design. Industrial engineering is very valuable. That is what Taiichi Ohno and Shigeo Shingo proved in Toyota after a period of IE successes in USA. Japanese practitioners of IE made significant contributions to industrial engineering.
Innovation is the daily activity of industrial engineers. They have to come out with redesigns and convince their colleagues as well as top managers to use them. Ideas are to be identified or created and their economic value has to be demonstrated. Solutions are to be implemented and customer satisfaction has to be ensured.
Industrial Engineering - Definitions
Industrial engineering directs the efficient conduct of manufacturing, construction, transportation, or even commercial enterprises of any undertaking, indeed in which human labor is directed to accomplishing any kind of work . Industrial engineering has drawn upon mechanical engineering, upon economics, sociology, psychology, philosophy, accountancy, to fuse from these older sciences a distinct body of science of its own . It is the inclusion of the economic and the human elements especially that differentiates industrial engineering from the older established branches of the profession (Going, 1911) [1].
“Industrial engineering is the engineering approach applied to all factors, including the human factor, involved in the production and distribution of products or services.” (Maynard, 1953) [2]
“Industrial engineering is the design of situations for the useful coordination of men, materials and machines in order to achieve desired results in an optimum manner. The unique characteristics of Industrial Engineering center about the consideration of the human factor as it is related to the technical aspects of a situation, and the integration of all factors that influence the overall situation.” (Lehrer, 1954) [3]
“Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of men, materials, and equipment. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design, to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems.” (AIIE, 1955). [4]
"Industrial engineering may be defined as the art of utilizing scientific principles, psychological data, and physiological information for designing, improving, and integrating industrial, management, and human operating procedures." (Nadler, 1955) [5]
“Industrial engineering is that branch of engineering knowledge and practice which
1. Analyzes, measures, and improves the method of performing the tasks assigned to individuals,
2. Designs and installs better systems of integrating tasks assigned to a group,
3. Specifies, predicts, and evaluates the results obtained.
It does so by applying to materials, equipment and work specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical and physical sciences and the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design. Since, however, work has to be carried out by people; engineering knowledge needs to be supplemented by knowledge derived from the biological and social sciences.” (Lyndall Urwick, 1963) [6]
"Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, information, equipment and energy. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design, to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems." [7]
"Industrial engineering is an art for creating the most efficient system composed of people, matters, energy, and information, by which a specific goal in industrial, economic, or social activities will be achieved within predetermined probabilities and accuracy. The system may be for a small single work station, a group, a section, a department, an institution or for a whole business enterprise. It may be also be of a regional, national, international, or inter-planetary scope."(Sawada, 1977) [8]
“Industrial Engineering is Human Effort Engineering. It is an engineering discipline that deals with the design of human effort in all occupations: agricultural, manufacturing and service. The objectives of Industrial Engineering are optimization of productivity of work-systems and occupational comfort, health, safety and income of persons involved.” (Narayana Rao, 2006) [9]
"Industrial Engineering is Human Effort Engineering and System Efficiency Engineering. It is an engineering discipline that deals with the design of human effort and system efficiency in all occupations: agricultural, manufacturing and service. The objectives of Industrial Engineering are optimization of productivity of work-systems and occupational comfort, health, safety and income of persons involved."(Narayana Rao, 2009) [10]
Total Industrial Engineering is "a system of methods where the performance of labor is maximized by reducing Muri (unnatural operation), Mura (irregular operation) and Muda (non-value added operation), and then separating labor from machinery through the use of sensor techniques." (Yamashina)
"Industrial Engineering is Human Effort Engineering and System Efficiency Engineering. It is an engineering-based management staff-service discipline that deals with the design of human effort and system efficiency in all occupations: agricultural, manufacturing and service. The objectives of Industrial Engineering are optimization of productivity of work-systems and occupational comfort, health, safety and income of persons involved."(Narayana Rao, 2011) [Added to this knol (blog post) on 14.9.2011]
References
1. Going, Charles Buxton, Principles of Industrial Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1911, Pages 1,2,3
3. Lehrer, Robert N., “The Nature of Industrial Engineering,” The Journal of Industrial Engineering, vol.5, No.1, January 1954, Page 4
4. Maynard, H.B., Handbook of Industrial Engineering, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1963.
5. Nadler, Gerald, Motion and Time Study", McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1955
6. Urwick, Lyndall, F., “Development of Industrial Engineering”, Chapter 1 in Handbook of Industrial Engineering, H.B. Maynard (Ed.), 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1963.
7. http://www.iienet2.org/Details.aspx?id=282
8. Sawada, P.N., "A Concept of Industrial Engineering," International Journal of Production Research, Vol 15, No. 6, 1977, Pp. 511-22.
9. Narayana Rao, K.V.S.S., “Definition of Industrial Engineering: Suggested Modification.” Udyog Pragati, October-December 2006, Pp. 1-4.
10. Narayana Rao K.V.S.S., Industrial Engineering
Industrial Engineering and Supporting Science
Industrial engineering is based on science. It is based scientific theories developed by examining the work of machines and men in practical applications in delivering outputs using engineering processes.
Develop a science for each element of a man - machine system's work related to efficiency and productivity.
The productivity science developed is the foundation for industrial engineering in productivity engineering and productivity management phases.
Industrial Engineering is a Management Function
Industrial engineering (IE) discipline emerged out of the involvement of engineers in management of engineering departments. It is management function. Henry Towne in a 1886 paper, presented in ASME called for learning of economics, management, cost accounting and cost reduction by engineers. Frederick Taylor identified the short coming in the shop management that engineers really do not understand how operators are using machines or hand tools. It is not proper management of manufacturing activity. Taylor came with the theory that managers have to know how work is to be done by operators and must have the capability to train them. Managers have to specify standard operating procedures. Taylor used time study as the tool to identify the best practices or methods being used by operators (mechanic arts) at that point in time and based on them developed standard operating procedures for human effort that improved productivity. Along with it, Taylor developed theory of various machine work methods, conducted experiments and came out with improvements in machine work and thus increased man-machine system productivity. Gilbreth came with a different approach of developing micro motions used by operators to carry any activity. He developed optimal methods by removing certain non-value adding micro motions and specifying more optimal micro motions. Harrington Emerson, developed principles of efficiency for manufacturing organizations.
Within the management functions its present focus of industrial engineering is on the improvement of efficiency of products, processes and systems and design of work done by operators.
In certain companies, IE department was made a part of management services department which was appropriate. Management accounting, Management controls, Management audit, Industrial engineering and some more such similar functions can be organized under management services departments. Such a departmentation clearly recognizes that these sections or functions are functions of management assisting management in planning, organizing and directing resources. Productivity services department was also in existence in some companies. In the recent days, there was trend to start operational excellence departments and industrial engineers are being employed in them.
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Explanation for the Words "Industrial" and "Engineering" in Industrial Engineering
Difference between Pure Engineering and Industrial Engineering
Pure Engineering creates technical products and processes that produce them, inspect them, operate them and service them.
Industrial Engineering is engaged in evaluation and further improvement of the technical products and processes created by the pure engineers so that at the price offered by the customers to buy a specified quantity of production, profit is made by the firm through resource use minimization and through further iterations over the life cycle of the product, profit is further increased.
That is why Taiichi Ohno termed it Profit engineering
Target costing developed in Japan best explains the role of industrial engineering in new product introduction.
IE techniques are primarily used for improving technical processes and managerial processes of technical processes (planning, organizing, resourcing, executing and controlling of technical tasks and processes) for increasing productivity. All IE pioneers worked in engineering concerns. They improved technical processes as well as managerial methods and processes used to manage technical processes.
F.W. Taylor improved metal cutting processes, machines, and management of machine shop. He recommended functional management scheme for the machine shop.
Gilbreth improved bricklaying process by making changes in techniques. Then he proceeded to make fatigue studies to decide the speed at which workers can function without fatigue and also time.
As an augmented activity, IE is applied to business processes and managerial activities related to business processes. With the development of information technology, industrial engineers with focus on information technology have made significant contribution to business process improvement.
The emphasis on engineering tasks is the engineering component of industrial engineering. Emphasis on making products profitable is the explanation for the term "industrial". Technical products are made commercial products or industrial products by IEs by reducing their costs below the prices quoted by potential consumers and still further reducing the costs by eliminating wastes so that profit is maximized through increase in sales (due to lower prices) as well as reduction in unit costs.
The basis for reduction of costs is better explained by value engineering. A potential customer quotes a price for a new product by the services it provides to him and by comparison to the prices that he is paying for current equipment that he is using. So for reducing the costs of a proposed product to bring it in line with customer's quote, industrial engineers have to study the architecture of the current products being used by potential customers. They need to get ideas for redesigning the proposed product by understanding how the required functions are being provided by the existing products being currently used. In investigating the product, the processes being used for producing them also come into investigation.
Industrial engineering is concerned with redesign of engineering systems with a view to improve their productivity. Industrial engineers analyze productivity of each resource used in engineering systems and redesign as necessary to improve productivity.
It has to be ensured that the increase in productivity due to the use of low-cost materials, processes and increasing speed of machines and men, should not lead to any decrease in quality of the output.
1908 – The industrial engineering department at Penn State wa founded by Hugo Diemer, a pioneer in the field. James Gunn coined the term “industrial engineering” in 1900 to describe the fusion of the engineer who understands production costs, analyzes them and reduces them. Diemer was named the first head of the department.
The fusion created by Taylor, Gilbreth, Emerson, Diemer and Going is the efficiency improvement of engineering systems to make projects viable and prosperous.
Functions and Focus Areas of Industrial Engineering
Functions and focus areas are discussed in the following article and the lists are shown in pictures..
Principles of Industrial Engineering - Taylor - Narayana Rao
Presentation by Narayana Rao on 23 May 2017 at IISE 2017 Annual Conference - Pittsburgh
Professor Narayana Rao developed Principles of Industrial Engineering in July 2016 and presented them in two conferences. The detailed set of principles were presented in the 2017 IISE Annual Conference held in Pittsburgh, USA. The paper is included in the proceedings of the conference.
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Narayana Rao
Basic Principles of Industrial Engineering - Narayana Rao
1. Develop science for each element of a man - machine system's work related to efficiency and productivity.
2. Engineer methods, processes and operations to use the laws related to the work of machines, man, materials and other resources.
3. Select or assign workmen based on predefined aptitudes for various types of man - machine work.
4. Train workmen, supervisors, and engineers in the new methods.
5. Incorporate suggestions of operators, supervisors and engineers in the methods redesign on a continuous basis.
6. Plan and manage productivity at system level.
(Principles developed by Narayana Rao based on principles of scientific management by F.W. Taylor on 4 July 2016.) Detailed List of Principles - Presented at IISE 2017 Annual Conference at Pittsburgh on 23 May 2017.
1. Productivity science
2. Productivity engineering
3. Industrial Engineering is applicable to all branches of engineering
4. Principles of machine utilization economy to be developed for all resources used in engineering systems.
5. Industrial engineering optimization
6. Industrial engineering economics
7. Implementation team membership and leadership
8. Human effort engineering for increasing productivity
9. Principles of motion economy to be used in all IE studies in the area of human effort engineering
10. Operator comfort and health are to be taken care of.
11. Work measurement
12. Selection of operators
13. Training of operators, supervisors and engineers
14. Productivity training and education to all
15. Employee involvement in continuous improvement of processes and products for productivity improvement.
16. Productivity incentives
17. Hearty cooperation
18. Productivity Management
19. System level focus for productivity
20. Productivity measurement
21. Cost measurement
Levels ofIndustrial Engineering in an Organization
Policy Decisions by Top Management: Starting and Expanding IE Department, Approval of Productivity Improvement Project Portfolio as part of Capital Budgeting of the Company, Approving Productivity Policy, Setting Productivity and Cost Reduction Goals. Setting Employee related comfort, health and safety goals. Incentive income policy making.
Facilities are used by processes. Facilities are common to processes. Taylor clearly mentioned in his "Piece Rates - Elementary Rate Fixing System" paper that he has to make modifications to all machines to increase productivity of his machine shop. Toyota even today carries out gradual improvements to the machines in the direction of autonomation. Machines are continuously improved. Period layout studies and readjustments are another example of facilities industrial engineering. 5S that demands upkeep of facilities is another example of facilities IE when it is implemented for the first time and proposed and initiated by the IE department. Thereafter it becomes the activity of operations management.
Process Industrial Engineering - Process Machine Effort Industrial Engineering - Process Human Effort Industrial Engineering.
Process industrial engineering is the popular method of industrial engineering. But, the process chart method was promoted by Motion Study books. The machine effort industrial engineering, that is improvement of machine effort, that was done by Taylor primarily to increase productivity got neglected in the evolution of industrial engineering. It is a weakness to be corrected to make IE a strong discipline.
Process chart is a condensed version that show the entire process of producing a full product and the production of each part. The process chart is composed by symbols representing 5 operations. Operation - Inspection - Transport - Temporary Delay (WIP) - Permanent Storage (controlled store). Using process chart, the sequence of operations can be investigated and changed for more benefit. But each operation needs to be improved. It is termed simplification in process chart analysis. To do simplification information on each operation has to be collected in operation information sheets and they have to be analyzed in operation analysis sheets (Stegemerten and Maynard)
Elements are in Operations - We can understand the term "element" from the subject "Design of Machine Elements". Each engineering product has elements. Similarly each operation, that is part of a process has elements. Some are related to machines and tools used in the process. Some are related to human operators. Some are related to working conditions. Some are related to the work being done. Taylor first named the productivity department as "Elementary Rate Fixing Department." It has to improve each and every element in task and determine the output possible for unit time in the work element. The time allowed for that element for a piece or batch is determined through these elementary standard times or allowed times.
Industrial Engineering in Various Functions of a Business/Industrial Organization
Industrial engineering is primarily applied in engineering departments of organizations. But as productivity is a relevant issues in other departments, application of industrial engineering is available in other departments also.
Logistical Systems Industrial Engineering (Truck, Rail, Air and Ship Transport related Industrial Engineering) (Suggested B. Venkateswara Rao, FaceBook)
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