The Economic and Scientific Section (ESS) group was given the task with improving Japanese management skills and Lowell Mellen was invited to Japan to properly install the Training Within Industry (TWI) programs in 1951.
In 1951, even before the arrival of Mellen, the ESS group had a training film to introduce the three TWI "J" programs (Job Instruction, Job Methods and Job Relations)---the film was titled "Improvement in 4 Steps" (Kaizen eno Yon Dankai).
The term Kaizen was not popular in Toyota before 1950. It is only after the TWI courses that the term became popular.
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