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August 27, 2016

Evaluating a Company’s External Environment - Summary and Key Points

Crafting and Executing Strategy: Concepts and Readings

20TH EDITION

By Arthur Thompson and A. J. Strickland III and John Gamble
Copyright: 2016, Mcgraw Hill
Publication Date: January 19, 2015





Observing, studying and analyzing company's external situation involves probing for answers to the following seven questions. These seven questions form the strategic analysis of external environment which is essential to develop effective strategy.

Does the industry offer attractive opportunities for growth? 


Identifying the industry's basic economic features and growth potential sets the stage for the analysis to come, since they play an important role in determining an industry's potential for providing sales revenue and profits. Industries differ significantly on such factors as market size and growth rate, geographic scope, life-cycle stage, the number and size of competitors,  industry capacity, and other conditions that describe the industry's demand-supply balance and opportunities for growth.

What kinds of competitive forces are industry members facing, and how strong is each force? 


This analysis examines: (1) competitive pressures exerted by industry rivals, (2) competitive pressures created by the sellers of substitutes, (3) Threat of new entrants into the market, (4) supplier bargaining power, and (5) buyer bargaining power. The nature and strength of the competitive pressures have to be examined force by force and their collective strength must be evaluated. Porter's five-forces model forces strategy makers to assess competitive forces and come out with ideas of capturing or growing market share in the presence of the competitive forces. How do you neutralize the competitive force and gain your market share and profit is determined in the competitive force analysis.

What factors are driving changes in the industry, and what impact will these changes have on competitive intensity and industry profitability? 


Industry and competitive conditions change because due to industry's macro-environment and changes originating within the industry. Such changes include: increasing globalization, changing buyer demographics, technological change, Internet-expansion, product and marketing innovations, entry or exit of major firms, diffusion of know-how, efficiency improvements in adjacent markets, reductions in uncertainty and business risk, government policy changes, and changing societal factors. Once an industry's change drivers have been identified, the analytical task becomes one of determining  the effect on of them industry growth and competition.

Are the change drivers causing demand for the industry's product to increase or decrease?
Are they acting to make competition more or less intense?
Will they lead to higher or lower industry profitability?

What market positions do industry rivals occupy—who is strongly positioned and who is not?


Strategic group mapping is a valuable tool for understanding the similarities, differences, strengths, and weaknesses inherent in the market positions of rival companies. Rivals in the same or nearby strategic groups are close competitors, whereas companies in distant strategic groups usually pose little or no immediate threat. The profit potential of different strategic groups varies due to strengths and weaknesses in each group’s market position. Often, industry competitive pressures and change drivers favor some strategic groups and hurt others. A strategic group analysis can be done to select the most profitable and suitable strategic group in which the company wants to enter, or even shift. The second use is that of creating a competitive strategy within the strategic group.

What strategic moves are rivals likely to make next? 


Competitor intelligence is collected to  anticipate their actions and take effective counteraction. Managers have to take rivals' probable actions into account in designing their own company's best course of action. Managers who fail to study competitors and know their strategies, risk being caught unprepared by the strategic moves of rivals.

What are the key factors for competitive success? 


An industry's key success factors (KSFs) are the strategy elements, product attributes,   and capabilities that all industry members must have in order to survive and prosper in the industry. KSFs vary by industry and may vary over time as well.

For any industry, KSFs can be deduced by answering three basic questions:

(1)Customer related - On what basis do buyers of the industry's product choose between the competing brands of sellers,

(2) Competition related - what resources and competitive capabilities must a company have to be competitively successful, and

(3) Weaknesses -  what shortcomings are almost certain to put a company at a significant competitive disadvantage?

Correctly diagnosing an industry's (KSFs) raises a company's chances of crafting a sound strategy.

What is the outlook for the company in the industry with the present strategy?  


Analysis of economy and industry analysis has to be summed to provide a forecast of performance of the company with the present strategy.  Clearly, insightful diagnosis of a company's external situation is an essential first step in crafting strategies that are well matched to industry and competitive conditions.

To do cutting-edge strategic thinking about the external environment, managers have to use analytical tools to answer the relevant questions.

Analytical Tools

PESTEL Analysis

Competitive Weapons for Increasing Market Share


Discounts, Clearance Sales
Offering discounts through coupons
Improving warranties
Offering attractive financing terms
Building a bigger and better dealer network
Increasing Advertising
Innovating and increasing product features and benefits
Innovating and improving quality so that external failures are minimum
Innovating and reducing cost and decreasing the price
Increasing the number packsizes, flavours, styles etc. so that customer gets a bigger choice
Increasing the customisation of the product or service

What weapons are being used by competitors?






What Is Strategy and Why Is It Important? - Summary and Important Points


What Is Strategy and Why Is It Important?

Chapter 1 of
Crafting and Executing Strategy: Concepts and Readings

20TH EDITION

By Arthur Thompson and A. J. Strickland III and John Gamble
Copyright: 2016, Mcgraw Hill
Publication Date: January 19, 2015


The tasks of crafting and executing company strategies important for a business enterprise to win in the marketplace by getting an economic market share and produce and deliver the goods or services demanded at profit to the organization.

A company's strategy is the plan management is using to identify a favorable market position, conduct its operations, attract and please customers, compete successfully, and achieve the desired performance targets.

The central thrust of a company's strategy is undertaking marketing and operations moves to build and strengthen the company's long-term competitive position and financial performance by undertaking value chain activities differently from rivals so that customers are attracted to its offerings and thus provide a  sustainable competitive advantage over competitors.

A company achieves a sustainable competitive advantage when it can meet customer needs more effectively or efficiently (at lower cost and price) than rivals and when the basis for this is durable, despite the best efforts of competitors to match or surpass this advantage.

A company's strategy typically evolves over time, emerging from a blend of (1) proactive and deliberate actions on the part of company managers to improve the strategy and (2) reactive, as-needed adaptive responses to unanticipated developments and actions by customers and competitors.

A company's business model is management's estimate of revenues and costs that indicates  profit. It contains two crucial elements: (1) the customer value proposition —a plan for satisfying customer wants and needs at a price customers will consider good value, and (2) the profit formula —a plan for a cost structure that will enable the company to deliver the customer value proposition profitably. In effect, a company's business model sets forth the economic logic for making money in a particular business, given the company's current strategy. Both demand estimates and cost estimates have to satisfy the theories of economics in the area of consumer or business demand and production/productivity economics.

A winning strategy will pass three tests: (1) Fit (external, internal, and dynamic consistency - It satisfies all stakeholders and all constraints of the company resources and market demand), (2) Competitive Advantage (durable competitive advantage), and (3) Performance (outstanding financial and market performance).

Crafting and executing strategy are core management functions of top management of a company. How well a company performs and the degree of market success it enjoys are directly attributable to the caliber of its strategy and the strategy is execution of the strategy. Strategy is a plan and is the primary step of top management. Execution phase consists of the next four steps of management organizing, resourcing, execution (allocation or resources, directing and leadership) and control.  

Values of Business Schools




Melbourne Business School -  Mission, Vision & Values


OUR MISSION
We enable individuals and organisations to be global leaders through the creation, application and dissemination of business and economics knowledge.

OUR VISION
Our aspiration is to become one of the leading global providers of business and economics education and research.
We aim to critically evaluate and influence policy design, corporate governance, and business practices to secure the best possible outcomes for our stakeholders and for the broader societies in which we operate.

OUR VALUES
We are a non-discriminatory learning community in which there is respect for our diverse backgrounds and interests and where there is a shared joy in learning and scholarship.
Rigour and relevance are the foundations of all that we do.
Integrity and ethical behaviour guide all of our actions, policies and decision making.
Openness and transparency characterise our organisational culture.
Academic freedom is paramount.
http://mbs.unimelb.edu.au/our-mission-vision-and-values

Olin Business School - Mission and Values


​Mission
We live our mission everyday. Since our founding in 1917, Olin Business School has been guided by these words: Create knowledge. Inspire individuals. Transform business.

Core Values

Excellence: We have an unwavering commitment to excellence in all that we do, continually striving to provide the highest level of educational experience, learning opportunities and research.

Leadership: Olin cultivates a leadership mind-set, infusing students with both the value of acting responsibly and the desire to make an impact in whatever path they pursue.

Integrity: Our Midwestern heritage is the cornerstone of our character – we are honest, hard working, authentic, loyal and supportive.

Collaboration: Our culture fosters a collaborative community that creates innovative ideas, unique opportunities, and strong personal bonds.

Diversity: We embrace the diversity of individuals, cultures, ideas, and opinions for the richness it brings to our school.

The UNC Kenan-Flagler:  Core Values

The UNC Kenan-Flagler community lives by its core values: excellence, leadership, integrity, community and teamwork.

Excellence

We, the members of the UNC Kenan-Flagler community, strive for the very highest standards in everything that we do. We challenge each other to produce important new knowledge at the leading edge of our disciplines, to create an intellectually rigorous learning environment and to show uncompromising dedication to those we serve.

Leadership

Leadership Development: We offer the best, most comprehensive leadership program of any top business school.
UNC Kenan-Flagler Faculty: The thought leadership of UNC-Kenan Flagler professors is recognized in both academic and corporate circles and makes an impact on the practice of business. R.O.I. Magazine, a school publication, features UNC Kenan-Flagler experts.

Integrity

We cultivate an environment of honesty, sincerity and trust in which we hold ourselves to the highest ethical standards. We believe integrity is the foundation of all moral character and is an essential trait for truly successful professional and personal lives.

Required Ethics Course: While other schools offer ethics courses as an elective, all UNC Kenan-Flagler MBAs take ethics during their first year as part of the required curriculum.
Graduate Honor Court: The business school joins the graduate and professional programs of law, dentistry, pharmacy and medicine with its own student-run honor court.

Community

From its earliest days, UNC Chapel Hill has honored and cherished its special responsibility to serve the people of North Carolina. We at UNC Kenan-Flagler extend this notion of responsibility to include service to the nation and the world through research, teaching and community leadership.


Teamwork

We create at UNC Kenan-Flagler a unique atmosphere of collaboration, mutual support and genuine interest in each other's success. Our diverse mix of cultures, races and experiences provides a variety of perspectives and talents that, when united through teamwork, strengthens our ability to achieve our goals.

http://www.kenan-flagler.unc.edu/about/core-values



University of Leeds Business School - Mission - Values




Our Mission is to make an exceptional impact on business and society globally through leadership in research and teaching.

Professor Peter Moizer, Dean of Leeds University Business School


We Are International
Create knowledge. Make an impact.


Research

To produce and disseminate research of world-class quality, within the School and through international partnerships, which increases knowledge, skills, understanding and impact.

Student education

To enable individuals to develop their academic potential, their employability, their global and cultural insight and their ethical awareness to enhance their potential to benefit business and society.


http://business.leeds.ac.uk/about-us/mission-and-values/

Building an Organization Capable of Good Strategy Execution - Summary


Crafting and Executing Strategy: Concepts and Readings
20TH EDITION
By Arthur Thompson and A. J. Strickland III and John Gamble
2016, Mcgraw Hill
Publication Date: January 19, 2015


Executing strategy is an operations-driven activity revolving around the management of people and business processes involving man-machine systems. The way for managers to start in implementing a new strategy is with a probing assessment of what the organization must do differently in the coming peridos to carry out the strategy successfully. This requires changes in the value chain that consists of number of activities. They should then determine how to make the necessary internal changes as rapidly as possible so that the strategy implementation process starts with focus on the new strategy.

All managers have strategy executing responsibility in their areas of authority, and all employees are active participants in the strategy execution process. Hence strategy needs to be communicated to all managers and their involvement in organization structure design has to be ensured.

The managerial tasks involved in the company's efforts to execute strategy: (1) Designing the new organization structure and staffing the organization well, (2) Acquiring the new resources required and  building the necessary organizational capabilities, (3) Finetuning a supportive organizational structure though feedback from all employees (4) allocating sufficient resources to each value chain activity, (5) instituting policies and procedures that support new strategy, (6) Implementing processes for continuous improvement of all value chain activities, (7) installing systems that enable effective and efficient company operations, (8) tying incentives to the achievement of desired targets, (9) Making efforts to bring into existence right corporate culture, and (10) exercising internal strategic leadership.

The two best signs of good strategy execution are whether a company is meeting or beating its performance targets and performing value chain activities in a manner that is conducive to companywide operating excellence. Shortfalls in performance signal weak strategy, weak execution, or both.

Building an organization capable of good strategy execution entails three types of organization-building actions:  (1) structuring the organization and work effort —instituting organizational arrangements that facilitate good strategy execution, deciding how much decision-making authority to delegate, and managing external relationships. (2) staffing the organization —assembling a talented management team, and recruiting and retaining employees with the needed experience, technical skills, and intellectual capital; and (3) building and strengthening core competencies and competitive capabilities —developing proficiencies in performing strategy-critical value chain activities and updating them to match changing market conditions and customer expectations;

Building new core competencies and competitive capabilities  can be approached in three ways: (1) developing capabilities internally, (2) acquiring capabilities through mergers and acquisitions, and (3) accessing capabilities via collaborative partnerships.

In building capabilities internally, the first step is to develop the ability to do something, through experimentation, active search for alternative solutions, and learning by trial and error. As experience grows and company personnel learn how to perform the activities consistently well and at an acceptable cost, the ability evolves into a tried-and-true capability. The process can be accelerated by making learning a more deliberate endeavor and providing the incentives that will motivate company personnel to achieve the desired ends. At the third level, the capability development concentrates of trying make it an above industry average capability in the industry so that it provides scope for above average profit earning.

As firms get better at executing their strategies, they develop capabilities in the domain of strategy execution. Superior strategy execution capabilities allow companies to get the most from their organizational resources and competitive capabilities. But excellence in strategy execution can also be a more direct source of competitive advantage, since more efficient and effective strategy execution can lower costs and permit firms to deliver more value to customers. Superior strategy execution capabilities are internal to a company and they are  hard to imitate and have no good substitutes. As such, they can be an important source of sustainable competitive advantage.

While strategy may be same, lasting competitive advantage can be gained through execution excellence.

Structuring the organization and organizing the work effort in a strategy supportive fashion has four aspects: (1) deciding which value chain activities to perform internally and which ones to outsource; (2) aligning the firm's organizational structure with its strategy; (3) deciding how much authority to centralize at the top and how much to delegate to down-the-line managers and employees; and (4) facilitating the necessary collaboration and coordination with external partners and strategic allies.

To align the firm's organizational structure with its strategy, it is important to make strategy-critical activities the main building blocks. There are four basic types of organizational structures: the simple structure, the functional structure, the multidivisional structure, and the matrix structure. Which is most appropriate depends on the firm's size, complexity, employee acceptance and strategy.

http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0078112729/student_view0/chapter10/key_points.html

Crafting and Executing Strategy: Concepts and Readings -20th Edition - Thompson, Gamble and Strickland - Book Information


Crafting and Executing Strategy: Concepts and Readings

20TH EDITION

By Arthur Thompson and A. J. Strickland III and John Gamble
Copyright: 2016, Mcgraw Hill
Publication Date: January 19, 2015

http://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/crafting-executing-strategy-concepts-readings-thompson-strickland-iii/M1259297071.html

Crafting and Executing Strategy: Concepts and Readings
Table of Contents 


PART 1 Concepts and Techniques for Crafting and Executing Strategy


Section A: Introduction and Overview
1 What Is Strategy and Why Is It Important?  Summary by NRao
2  Charting a Company’s Direction: Its Vision, Mission, Objectives, and Strategy - Smmary by NRao

Section B: Core Concepts and Analytical Tools
3 Evaluating a Company’s External Environment - Summary by NRao
4 Evaluating a Company’s Resources, Capabilities, and Competitiveness

Section C: Crafting a Strategy
5 The Five Generic Competitive Strategies
6 Strengthening a Company’s Competitive Position
7 Strategies for Competing in International Markets
8 Corporate Strategy
9 Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, Environmental Sustainability, and Strategy

Section D: Executing the Strategy
10 Building an Organization Capable of Good Strategy Execution
11 Managing Internal Operations
12 Corporate Culture and Leadership


PART 2 Readings in Crafting and Executing Strategy


Section A: What Is Strategy and How Is the Process of Crafting and Executing Strategy Managed?
1 The Perils of Bad Strategy
2 The Role of the Chief Strategy Officer
3 Managing the Strategy Journey
4 The Balanced Scorecard in China: Does It Work?

Section B: Crafting Strategy in Single-Business Companies
5 Competing in Network Markets: Can the Winner Take All?
6 BlackBerry Forgot to Manage the Ecosystem R-357 Dynamic Capabilities: Routines versus Entrepreneurial Action
8 Meta-SWOT: Introducing a New Strategic Planning Tool
9 Are You Ready for the Digital Value Chain?
10 Limits to Growing Customer Value: Being Squeezed Between the Past and the Future
11 Organizational Ambidexterity: Balancing Strategic Innovation and Competitive Strategy in the Age of Reinvention
12 Pioneering and First Mover Advantages: The Importance of Business Models
13 Adding Value through Offshoring

Section C: Crafting Strategy in International and Diversified Companies
14 Reverse Innovation: A Global Growth Strategy That Could Pre-empt Disruption at Home
15 How Emerging Giants Can Take on the World
16 Why Conglomerates Thrive (Outside the U.S.)
17 Diversification: Best Practices of the Leading Companies

Section D: Strategy, Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Sustainability
18 Pragmatic Business Ethics
19 Leaders as Stewards

Section E: Executing Strategy
20 Attract Top Talent
21 Building Superior Capabilities for Strategic Sourcing
22 How Collaboration Technologies Are Improving Process, Workforce, and Business Performance
23 The ROI of Employee Recognition
24 The Critical Few: Components of a Truly Effective Culture
25 How Strategists Lead

http://www.albany.edu/faculty/vanness/682/682ppt/C5.pptx

August 25, 2016

Principles Based Management

Principles of Management were first given by F.W. Taylor in modern management theory. Henri Fayol gave a list of 14 principles as important principles that he followed as CEO and Managing Director of a Mining Organization. Koontz has expanded these principles into function wise principle. He gave first principles related to planning and control. Then he gave principles related to organizing, staffing and directing.

Narayana Rao now advocates that the list of functions of management should be Planning, Organizing, Resourcing,  Executing and Control. The two new functions proposed, resourcing and execution have good support in literature now. Resource based view (RBV) in strategic management literature highlights the need for entrepreneurs and managers to acquire resources as an important activity of them. Similarly in strategy management literature, it is being emphasized that execution is the key to get results. So far execution did not get the emphasis it deserved and planning only got highlighted.

Management has to be undertaken keeping in view the principles of management that are now well established will almost a century of existence. Many of these principles are converted into methods and techniques. Various tools were developed to aid in the use of these methods and techniques. Every management student and industrial engineering student has to know these principles and the methods of applying them in practice.

Principles of Management - Weihrich, Cannice and Koontz (14th edition)

Formerly Koontz and O'Donnell

List of Principles


Principles of Planning


Principle of primacy of planning
Principle of objectives
Principle of contribution to objectives
Principle of efficiency of plans

Principle of planning premises
Principle of strategy and policy framework

Principle of limiting factor
Principle of of commitment
Principle of flexibility
Principle of of navigational change

Principles of Organizing


Principle of unity of objectives
Principle of organizational efficiency

Principle of span of management

Scalar Principle
Principle of delegation by results expected
Principle of absoluteness of responsibility
Principle of parity of authority and responsibility
Principle of unity of command
Authority level principle

Principle of balance
Principle of flexibility
Principle of leadership facilitation

Principles of Staffing


Principle of objective of staffing
Principle of staffing

Principle of job definition
Principle of managerial appraisal
Principle of open competition

Principle of management training and development
Principle of training objectives
Principle of continuous development

Principles of Leading


Principle of harmony of objectives
Principle of motivation
Principle of of Leadership

Principle of communication clarity
Principle of integrity of the leader and communications
Principle of supplemental use of informal organization

Principles of Control


Principle of the purposes of control
Principle of future directed controls
Principle of control responsibility
Principle of efficiency of controls
Principle of preventive control

Principle of reflection of plans
Principle of organizational suitability
Principle of individuality of controls

Principle of standards
Principle of critical point control
The exception principle

Principle of flexibility of controls
Principle of action


More detail on each principle

Page numbers refer to 14th Edition of Heinrich, Cannice and Koontz

Principles of Planning


Principle of primacy of planning

Planning logically precedes all other planning functions.

Principle of objectives

If objectives are to be meaningful to people, they must be clear, (attainable and verifiable).

Goals derived from objectives for various periods have to be clear, attainable and verifiable.

Principle of contribution to objectives

The purpose of every plan and all supporting plans is to  promote the accomplishment of enterprise objectives.

Planning - Principle of alternatives

Planning - Principle of timing

Principle of efficiency of plans

The efficiency of a plan is measured by the amount it contributes to purpose and objectives offset by the costs required to formulate and operate it and by unsought consequences.

Return on investment best captures the principle of efficiency. But if human element of an organization becomes unhappy or the customers becomes unhappy or suppliers become unhappy or any group stakeholders become unhappy, ROI may not be able to capture it. But the negative consequences follow from the unhappiness. Managers have to take that also into account.

Principle of planning premises

The more thoroughly individuals charged with planning understand and agree to utilize consistent planning premises, the more coordinated enterprise planning will be.

Principle of strategy and policy framework

The more strategies and policies are clearly understood and implemented in practice, the more consistent and effective will be the framework of enterprise plans.

Alignment of all persons in the organization to work in favor of the strategy has to be achieved. This issue was highlighted by Harrington Emerson in 1912 in his book, 12 Principles of Efficiency. The first principles, ideals, is concerned with this.

Planning - Principle of competitive strategies
http://nraomtr.blogspot.com/2015/03/planning-principle-of-competitive.html

Principle of limiting factor

In choosing among alternatives, the more accurately individuals recognize and allow for factors that are limiting or critical to the attainment of the desired goals, the more easily and accurately can they select the most favorable alternative.

Critical Success Factors, is the term under which research is being carrried in all important areas of business activities and management activities to identify the variables that determine the success. The The planners have to evaluate their internal environment to judge whether they can provide those critical success factors. If the answer is negative, they have to postpone implementation of plans requiring those CSFs till they acquire physical resources,  competencies and capabilities

Principle of of commitment

Logical planning should cover a period of time in the future necessary to foresee as well as possible, through a series of actions, the fulfillment of commitments involved in a decision made today.

Principle of flexibility

Building flexibility into plans will lessen the danger of losses incurred through unexpected events,but the cost of flexibility should be weighed against its advantages.

Principle of of navigational change

The more that planning decisions commit individuals to a future path, the more important it is to check on events and expectations periodically and redraw plans as necessary to maintain a course toward desired goal.

Principles of Organizing


Principle of unity of objectives - Principle of contributing to  objectives

An organization structure is effective if it enables individuals to contribute to enterprise objectives.


Organization - explanation (p.198)
Aim:Achieving Objectives (p.229)

Principle of organizational efficiency


An organization is efficient if it is structured to aid the accomplishment of enterprise objectives with a minimum of unsought consequences or costs.

Principle of span of management

In each managerial position, there is a limit to the number of persons an individual can effectively manage, but the exact number will depend on the impact of underlying variables.

Organizational Levels and Span of Management (pp.200-202)

Scalar Principle

The clearer the line of authority from the ultimate management position in an enterprise to every subordinate position, the clearer will be the responsibility for decision making and the more effective will be organizational communication.

Principle of delegation by results expected

Authority delegated to all individual managers should be adequate to ensure their ability to accomplish expected results.

Delegation of Authority (p.240)
The Art of Delegation (pp. 240-241)

Principle of absoluteness of responsibility


The responsibility of subordinates to their superiors for performance is absolute, and superiors cannot escape responsibility for the organizational activities of their subordinates.

Principle of parity of authority and responsibility

The responsibility for actions should not be greater than thatimplied by the authority delegated, nor should it be less.

Empowerment (p.236)

Principle of unity of command


The more complete an individual's reporting relationships to a single superior, the smaller the problme of conflicting instructions and the greater the feeling of personal responsibility for results.

Authority level principle


Maintenance of intended delegation requires that decision within the authority of individual managers should be made by them and not be referred upward in the organization structure.

Principle of Functional definition


The more a position or a department has a clear definition of the results expected, activities to be undertaken, and organizational authority delegated, as well as an understanding of authority and informational relationships with other positions, the more adequately the individual responsible can contribute toward accomplishing enterprise objectives.

Principle of balance

In every structure, there is need for balance. The application of principles or techniques must be balanced to ensure overall effectiveness of the structure in meeting enterprise objectives.

Need for Balance (p.203)

Principle of flexibility


The more that provisions are made for building flexibility into an organization structure, themore adequately an organization structure can fulfill its purpose.

Principle of leadership facilitation


The more an organization structure and its delegation of authority enables managers to design and maintain an environment for performance, the more they will help the leadership abilities of those managers.

Principles of Staffing


Principle of objective of staffing
The objectives of staffing is to ensure that organizational roles are filled by qualified people who are able and willing to occupy them.

Definition of Staffing (p.275)

Principle of staffing

The clearer the definition of organizational roles and their human resource requirements, and the better the techniques of manager appraisal and training employed, the higher the managerial capacity.


Principle of job definition

The more precisely the results expected of managers are identified, the more the dimensions of their positions can be defined.

Position Descriptions (p.255)
Position Requirements and Job Design (pp.289-290)

Principle of managerial appraisal

The more clearly verifiable objectives and required managerial activities are identified, the more precise can be the appraisal of managers against these criteria.

Choosing Appraisal Criteria (pp.305-306)
Appraising Managers against Verifiable Objectives (pp. 306-311)
A Suggested Program for Appraising Managers (pp. 311-313)

Principle of open competition


The more an enterprise is committed to the assurance of quality management, the more it will encourage open competition among all candidates for management positions.

The Policy of Open Competition (pp. 285 - 286)

Principle of management training and development

The more management training and development is integrated with the management process and enterprise objectives, the more effective the development programs and activities will be.

Manager Development Process and Training (pp. 327 -329)

Principle of training objectives

The more precisely the training objectives are stated, the more likely are the chances of achieving them.

Evaluation and Relevance of Training Programs (pp.336)

Principle of continuous development


The more an enterprise is committed to managerial excellence, the more it requires that managers practice continuous self development.

Principles of Leading



Principle of harmony of objectives

The more managers can harmonize the personal goals of individuals with the goals of the enterprise, the more effective and efficient the enterprise will be.

Principle of motivation

Since motivation is not a simple matter of cause and effect, the more managers carefully assess a reward structure, look upon it from a situational and contingency point of view, and integrate it into the entire system of managing, the more effective, a motivational program will be.

Principle of of Leadership

Since people tend to follow those who, in their view, offer them a means of satisfying their personal goals, the more managers understand what motivates their subordinates and how these motivators operate, and the more they reflect this understanding in carrying out their managerial actions, the more effective they are likely to be as leaders.

Ingredients of Leadership (pp. 387-389)

Principle of communication clarity


Communication tends to be clear when it expressed in a language and transmitted in a way that can be understood by the receiver.

Principle of integrity of the leader and communications


The greater the integrity and consistency of written, oral,or nonverbal messages, as well as of moral behavior of the sender, greater the acceptance of the message by the receiver.

Principle of supplemental use of informal organization


Communication tends to be more effective when managers utilize the informal organization to supplement the communication channels of the formal organization.

Principles of Control


Principle of the purposes of control

The task of control is the ensure the success of plans by detecting deviations from plans and furnishing a basis for taking action to correct potential or actual undesired deviations.

Principle of future directed controls

Because of time lags in the total system of control, the more a control system is based on feedforward rather than simple feedback of information, the more managers have the opportunity to perceive undesirable deviations from plans before they occur and to take action in time to prevent them.

Principle of control responsibility

The primary responsibility for the exercise of control rests in the manager charged with the performance of the particular plans involved.

Principle of efficiency of controls

Control techniques and approaches are efficient if they detect and illuminate the nature and causes of deviations from plans with a minimum of costs or other unsought consequences.

Achieving Economy of Controls (pp. 481)

Principle of preventive control

The higher the quality of managers in a managerial system, the less will be the need for direct controls.

Feed forward or Preventive Control (pp. 473 - 476)

[Remember: Principle of continuous development

The more an enterprise is committed to managerial excellence, the more it requires that managers practice continuous self development.]

Principle of reflection of plans

The more that plans are clear, complete, and integrated, and the more that controls are designed to reflect plans, the more effectively controls will serve the needs of managers.

Tailoring Controls to Plans (pp. 479)

Principle of organizational suitability

The more that an organization structure is clear, complete, and integrated,and the more that controls are designed to reflect the place in the organization structure where responsibility for action lies, the more controls will facilitate correction of deviations from plans.

Fitting the Control System to the Organization Culture (pp. 481)

Principle of individuality of controls

The more that control techniques and information are understandable to individual managers who must utilize them, the more they will actually be used and the more they will result in effective control.

Tailoring Controls to Individual Managers (pp. 479 - 480)

Principle of standards

Effective control requires objective, accurate, and suitable standards.

Establishment of Standards (pp.466)
Critical Control Points, Standards and Benchmarking (pp. 468 - 470)

Principle of critical point control

Effective control requires special attention to (measuring) those factors critical to evaluating performance against plans.

Critical Control Points, Standards and Benchmarking (pp. 468 - 470)

The exception principle

The more that managers concentrate control efforts on significant exceptions from planned performance, the more efficient will be the results of their control.

Designing Controls to Point up Exceptions at Critical Points (pp. 480)

Principle of flexibility of controls

If controls are to remain effective despite failure or unforeseen changes of plans, flexibility is required in their design.

Ensuring Flexibility of Controls (pp. 481)

Principle of action

A control activity is justified only if indicated or actual deviations from plans are corrected through appropriate planning, organizing, staffing and leading based on the output of the control activity.

Establishing Controls that Lead to Corrective Action (pp. 481)





Stephen Covey's Principle-Centered Leadership Model - Summary
http://nraomtr.blogspot.com/2015/03/stephen-coveys-principle-centered.html

Principles Based Leadership
https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2006/4/erb0608-pdf.pdf

Seven Strategies for Delivering Profits with Principles
https://www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_7_jackson_nelsonFINAL.pdf


Value Based Management - Shareholder Value Based Management
http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/what-is-value-based-management


Results Based Management
http://www.un.cv/files/UNDG%20RBM%20Handbook.pdf



GOLDMAN SACHS BUSINESS PRINCIPLES
http://www.goldmansachs.com/who-we-are/business-standards/business-principles/


Management Subject-wise Principles


Principles of Strategic Management

Principles of Software Engineering

Updated 28 August 2016,  28 July 2016

Principles of Strategic Management



Porter 2001

• It must start with the right value guide: superior long-term return on investment. Only by grounding strategy in sustained profitability will real economic value be generated. Economic value is created when managers create a value chain that provides a good or service at a cost below the price  customers are willing to pay for the product or service.

• A company’s strategy must enable it to deliver a value proposition, or set of benefits, different from those that competitors offer.

• Strategy needs to be reflected in a distinctive value configuration. To establish a sustainable competitive advantage, a company must perform different activities than rivals or perform similar activities in different ways.

• Strategies involve trade-offs. A company must abandon or forego some product features, services, or activities in order to be unique at others.

• Strategy defines how all the elements of what a company does fit together. A strategy involves making choices throughout the value configuration; all a company’s activities must be mutually reinforcing to create value to the customer and the organization.

• Strategy involves continuity of direction. A company must define a distinctive value proposition that it will stand for and be consistent with it.


Porter (2001)


Thompson, Strickland, Gamble

20th Edition - Crafting and Executing Strategy

External Analysis




Whether an industry’s entry barriers ought to be considered high or low depends on the resources and capabilities possessed by the pool of potential entrants.

High entry barriers and weak entry threats today do not always translate into high entry barriers and weak entry threats tomorrow.

A company’s strategy is increasingly effective the more it provides some insulation from competitive pressures, shifts the competitive battle in the company’s favor, and positions firms to take advantage of attractive growth opportunities.

The most important part of driving forces analysis is to determine whether the collective impact of the driving forces will be to increase or decrease market demand, make competition more or less intense, and lead to higher or lower industry profitability.

The real payoff of driving-forces analysis is to help managers understand what strategy changes are needed to prepare for the impacts of the driving forces.

Strategic group maps reveal which companies are close competitors and which are distant competitors.


Some strategic groups are more favorably positioned than others because they confront weaker competitive forces and/ or because they are more favorably impacted by industry driving forces.


Studying competitors’ past behavior and preferences provides a valuable assist in anticipating what moves rivals are likely to make next and outmaneuvering them in the marketplace.


The degree to which an industry is attractive or unattractive is not the same for all industry participants and all potential entrants.


Updated  28 August 2016, 18 October 2015


August 24, 2016

Flashback Friday Project



I just signed up the new blogging event.

Flashback Friday Project

For Details visit the page

http://www.alifeexamined.com.au/2016/05/how-long-have-you-been-blogging.html

Flashback Friday Posts by Narayana Rao K.V.S.S.
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26 August 2016

Building Resource Strengths and Organizational Capabilities - Review Notes
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Updated 26 August 2016,